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Cited by 9Linguistic Variation and MorphologyLinguistic and Sociocultural StudiesLanguage, Discourse, Communication Strategies

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Social Markers in Language and Speech

Pitts, Margaret Jane, Gallois, Cindy·2019·Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology
DOI 10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.300
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Abstract

Social markers in language and speech are cues conveyed through verbal and nonverbal means that serve to identify individuals to the groups to which they belong. Social markers can be linguistic, paralinguistic, or extralinguistic in form, and can range from intentional and purposive (e.g., language selection or dialect accentuation) to unintentional and uncontrollable (e.g., vocal features that mark age or sex). They help to provide context for social organization. Extralinguistic cues are those that may be conveyed through gesture and physical appearance (i.e., skin color). However, social markers in language and speech focus on the paralinguistic (i.e., vocal cues such as pitch and tone) and linguistic cues (i.e., language choice, language style, accent, dialect, code-switching, and multilingualism) that mark social categories. Relevant social categories that are made distinctive through language and speech markers include age, sex and gender, social class, ethnicity, and many others. Scholars across disciplines of psychology, social psychology, linguistics, and communication have approached the study of social markers from different perspectives, resulting in theoretical (e.g., communication accommodation theory, ethnolinguistic vitality theory, linguistic intergroup bias) and methodological (e.g., matched-guise technique and ethnography of communication) advancements.

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  • Speech cues including lexical, syntactic, pragmatic and paralinguistic can act as a social identity marker for an individual, which is an accumulation of the person's experiences including age, gender, class, social identity, etc.

    “In fact, in linguistics, it is recognized that speech cues including lexical, syntactic, pragmatic (e.g. what a speaker implies) and paralinguistic (e.g. pitch tone), can act as a social identity marker for an individual, which is an accumulation of the persons' experiences including age, gender, class, social identity, etc35,36.”

    From Aci-bench: a Novel Ambient Clinical Intelligence Dataset for Benchmarking Automatic Visit Note Generation (2023) · cites this paper as [36]

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Metadata

Authors
Pitts, M. J., & Gallois, C.
Affiliations
  • University of Arizona (US)
  • The University of Queensland (AU)
ORCID
Venue
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology
Publisher
Oxford University PressNew York, NY
Published
2019-05-23
DOI
10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.300
OpenAlex
W2951944195
Cited by
9
References
9
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1
Type
reference entry
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Linguistic Variation and Morphology
  • Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Linguistic and Sociocultural Studies
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies
Keywords
social markers, paralinguistic cues, linguistic cues, language and speech, code-switching, multilingualism, dialects, accent, language choice, social categorization, communication accommodation theory, ethnolinguistic vitality, linguistic intergroup bias, matched-guise technique, ethnography of communication, social class, ethnicity

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