The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Conceptual Definition of Sarcopenia: Delphi Consensus from the Global Leadership Initiative in Sarcopenia (GLIS)
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength/function, is an important clinical condition. However, no international consensus on the definition exists. Objective: The Global Leadership Initiative in Sarcopenia (GLIS) aimed to address this by establishing the global conceptual definition of sarcopenia. Design: The GLIS steering committee was formed in 2019–21 with representatives from all relevant scientific societies worldwide. During this time, the steering committee developed a set of statements on the topic and invited members from these societies to participate in a two-phase International Delphi Study. Between 2022 and 2023, participants ranked their agreement with a set of statements using an online survey tool (SurveyMonkey). Statements were categorised based on predefined thresholds: strong agreement (>80%), moderate agreement (70–80%) and low agreement (<70%). Statements with strong agreement were accepted, statements with low agreement were rejected and those with moderate agreement were reintroduced until consensus was reached. Results: 107 participants (mean age: 54 ± 12 years [1 missing age], 64% men) from 29 countries across 7 continents/regions completed the Delphi survey. Twenty statements were found to have a strong agreement. These included; 6 statements on ‘general aspects of sarcopenia’ (strongest agreement: the prevalence of sarcopenia increases with age (98.3%)), 3 statements on ‘components of sarcopenia’ (muscle mass (89.4%), muscle strength (93.1%) and muscle-specific strength (80.8%) should all be a part of the conceptual definition of sarcopenia)) and 11 statements on ‘outcomes of sarcopenia’ (strongest agreement: sarcopenia increases the risk of impaired physical performance (97.9%)). A key finding of the Delphi survey was that muscle mass, muscle strength and muscle-specific strength were all accepted as ‘components of sarcopenia’, whereas impaired physical performance was accepted as an ‘outcome’ rather than a ‘component’ of sarcopenia. Conclusion and relevance: The GLIS has created the first global conceptual definition of sarcopenia, which will now serve to develop an operational definition for clinical and research settings.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis
Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Bahat, G., Bauer, J., Boirie, Y., Bruyère, O., Cederholm, T., Cooper, C., Landi, F., Rolland, Y., Sayer, A. A., et al. (2019) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afy169 · Cited by 13,818 · cited 1×
“…[14, 15], the European Working Group for Sarcopenia in Older Persons (EWGSOP) that issued guidelines in 2010 [16] that were revised in 2019 [17]; the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) Sarcopenia Project [18], the International Working Group on Sarcopenia (IWGS) [19]…”
Self-citationSarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis
Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Baeyens, J. P., Bauer, J. M., Boirie, Y., Cederholm, T., Landi, F., Martin, F. C., Michel, J.-P., Rolland, Y., Schneider, S. M., et al. (2010) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afq034 · Cited by 11,601
Self-citationAsian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment
Chen, L.-K., Woo, J., Assantachai, P., Auyeung, T.-W., Chou, M.-Y., Iijima, K., Jang, H. C., Kang, L., Kim, M., Kim, S., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2019.12.012 · Cited by 7,070
Self-citationSarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis
Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Bahat, G., Bauer, J., Boirie, Y., Bruyère, O., Cederholm, T., Cooper, C., Landi, F., Rolland, Y., Sayer, A. A., et al. (2019) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afz046 · Cited by 3,803
Self-citationFielding, R. A., Vellas, B., Evans, W. J., Bhasin, S., Morley, J. E., Newman, A. B., Abellan van Kan, G., Andrieu, S., Bauer, J., Breuille, D., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2011.01.003 · Cited by 3,256 · cited 1×
“…[17]; the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) Sarcopenia Project [18], the International Working Group on Sarcopenia (IWGS) [19] and the Sarcopenia Definitions and Outcomes Consortium (SDOC) that issued operational cut-off points in several measures that characterise…”
Self-citationStudenski, S. A., Peters, K. W., Alley, D. E., Cawthon, P. M., McLean, R. R., Harris, T. B., Ferrucci, L., Guralnik, J. M., Fragala, M. S., Kenny, A. M., et al. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glu010 · Cited by 2,545
Self-citationHigh-Intensity Strength Training in Nonagenarians: Effects on Skeletal Muscle
Fiatarone, M. A. (1990) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03440220053029 · Cited by 1,593 · cited 1×
“…there is evidence that, even in the oldest old, non-pharmacological interventions such as resistance-based exercise can increase muscle strength [7–9] and multicomponent exercise interventions (aerobic, strength and balance/flexi-bility) can reduce the risk of mobility disability [10, 11], there…”
Welcome to the ICD‐10 code for sarcopenia
Anker, S. D., Morley, J. E., & von Haehling, S. (2016) · Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12147 · Cited by 983
Definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity: ESPEN and EASO consensus statement
Donini, L. M., Busetto, L., Bischoff, S. C., Cederholm, T., Ballesteros-Pomar, M. D., Batsis, J. A., Bauer, J. M., Boirie, Y., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Dicker, D., et al. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.11.014 · Cited by 566
Self-citationMayhew, A. J., Amog, K., Phillips, S., Parise, G., McNicholas, P. D., de Souza, R. J., Thabane, L., & Raina, P. (2019) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afy106 · Cited by 478
Self-citation
Cited by
GLIM consensus approach to diagnosis of malnutrition: A 5‐year update
Jensen, G. L., Cederholm, T., Correia, M. I. T. D., Gonzalez, M. C., Fukushima, R., Pisprasert, V., Blaauw, R., Braz, D. C., Carrasco, F., Cruz Jentoft, A. J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpen.2756 · Cited by 75
Self-citationCreatine monohydrate supplementation for older adults and clinical populations
Candow, D. G., Ostojic, S. M., Chilibeck, P. D., Longobardi, I., Gualano, B., Tarnopolsky, M. A., Wallimann, T., Moriarty, T., Kreider, R. B., Forbes, S. C., et al. (2025) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2025.2534130 · Cited by 43
Scheen, A. J. (2025) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2025.101681 · Cited by 30
Asano, Y., Yoshida, T., Tsunoda, K., Yokoyama, K., Watanabe, Y., Yoshinaka, Y., Okura, T., Kimura, M., & Yamada, Y. (2025) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2025.112862 · Cited by 19
Polo-Ferrero, L., Martin, M. J., Puente-González, A. S., Barbero-Iglesias, F. J., González-Manzano, S., & Méndez-Sánchez, R. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17111822 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Kirk, B., Cawthon, P. M., Arai, H., Ávila-Funes, J. A., Barazzoni, R., Bhasin, S., Binder, E. F., Bruyere, O., Cederholm, T., Chen, L.-K., Cooper, C., Duque, G., Fielding, R. A., Guralnik, J., Kiel, D. P., Landi, F., Reginster, J.-Y., Sayer, A. A., Visser, M., von Haehling, S., Woo, J., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., The Global Leadership Initiative in Sarcopenia (GLIS) group, Júnior, A. F., Maier, A. B., Newman, A. B., De Spiegeleer, A., Granic, A., Cherubini, A., AlAbdulKader, A., Beaudart, C., Clark, B., Brown, T., Prado, C., Greig, C., Won Won, C., Suetta, C., Liang, C.-K., Hurst, C., Rooks, D., Le Couteur, D., Scott, D., Waters, D., Sanchez-Rodriguez, D., Reijnierse, E., Topinková, E., Petermann, F., Callaghan Martin, F., Bahat, G., Alhmly, H., Aprahamian, I., Lim, J.-Y., Michel, J.-P., Zanker, J., Batsis, J., Kanis, J., Lewis, J., Bauer, J., Pasco, J., Keogh, J., Pitkala, K., Madden, K., Toba, K., Norman, K., Schaap, L., Kang, L., Peng, L.-N., Micklesfield, L., CPGM de Groot, L., Donini, L. M., Sim, M., Gonzalez, M. C., Essomba, M.-J. N., Kuzuya, M., Grossmann, M., Cesari, M., Tieland, M., Witham, M., Chou, M.-Y., Yamada, M., Grounds, M., Soler, P. A., Xue, Q., Cooper, R., Wirth, R., Visvanathan, R., Merchant, R. A., Rizzoli, R., Daly, R., Kalula, S., Robinson, S., perkisas, S., Schneider, S., Heymsfield, S. B., Phu, S., Phillips, S., Kim, S., Pereira, S., Gill, T., Grodzicki, T., Kostka, T., Auyeung, T., Lim, W.-S., Lee, W.-J., Algindan, Y., Yamada, Y., Lee, Y., Boirie, Y., & Luiking, Y.
- Venue
- Age and Ageing
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2024-03-01
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 0002-0729 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2834
- OpenAlex
- W4393120004
- Cited by
- 560
- References
- 16
- FWCI
- 132.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Conceptual Definition of Sarcopenia: Delphi Consensus from the Global Leadership Initiative in Sarcopenia (GLIS). https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/ageing/afae052
- The paper
- Kirk, B., Cawthon, P. M., Arai, H., Ávila-Funes, J. A., Barazzoni, R., Bhasin, S., Binder, E. F., Bruyere, O., Cederholm, T., Chen, L.-K., Cooper, C., Duque, G., Fielding, R. A., Guralnik, J., Kiel, D. P., Landi, F., Reginster, J.-Y., Sayer, A. A., Visser, M., . . . Luiking, Y. (2024). The Conceptual Definition of Sarcopenia: Delphi Consensus from the Global Leadership Initiative in Sarcopenia (GLIS). Age and Ageing. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afae052
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
