Sarcopenia: An Undiagnosed Condition in Older Adults. Current Consensus Definition: Prevalence, Etiology, and Consequences. International Working Group on Sarcopenia
Open accessAbstract
Sarcopenia, the age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, has considerable societal consequences for the development of frailty, disability, and health care planning. A group of geriatricians and scientists from academia and industry met in Rome, Italy, on November 18, 2009, to arrive at a consensus definition of sarcopenia. The current consensus definition was approved unanimously by the meeting participants and is as follows: Sarcopenia is defined as the age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass and function. The causes of sarcopenia are multifactorial and can include disuse, altered endocrine function, chronic diseases, inflammation, insulin resistance, and nutritional deficiencies. Although cachexia may be a component of sarcopenia, the 2 conditions are not the same. The diagnosis of sarcopenia should be considered in all older patients who present with observed declines in physical function, strength, or overall health. Sarcopenia should specifically be considered in patients who are bedridden, cannot independently rise from a chair, or who have a measured gait speed less that 1 m/s(-1). Patients who meet these criteria should further undergo body composition assessment using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry with sarcopenia being defined using currently validated definitions. A diagnosis of sarcopenia is consistent with a gait speed of less than 1 m·s(-1) and an objectively measured low muscle mass (eg, appendicular mass relative to ht(2) that is ≤ 7.23 kg/m(2) in men and ≤ 5.67 kg/m(2) in women). Sarcopenia is a highly prevalent condition in older persons that leads to disability, hospitalization, and death.
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The International Working Group for the Study of Sarcopenia provided a consensus definition of sarcopenia as low whole-body or appendicular lean mass combined with poor physical functioning (gait speed ≤1 m/s).
“The International Working Group for the Study of Sarcopenia (IWGS) provided a consensus definition for sarcopenia180 as the combination of low whole-body or appendicular lean mass and poor physical functioning (gait speed ≤1 m/s).”
From Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: aetiology, epidemiology and treatment strategies (2018) · cites this paper as [180]
The Current Consensus Definition section defines sarcopenia using low whole-body or appendicular fat-free mass combined with poor physical functioning. It specifies gait speed of less than 1.0 m/s, however, whereas the citing sentence says ≤1 m/s; the paper's threshold does not include exactly 1.0 m/s. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSarcopenia is characterized not only by an LBM reduction, but also a reduction in muscle function.
“Sarcopenia is characterized not only by an LBM reduction, but also a reduction in muscle function [11].”
From Resistance Training Prevents Muscle Loss Induced by Caloric Restriction in Obese Elderly Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2018) · cites this paper as [11]
Low muscle mass and poor muscle strength are common and are important risk factors for disability and possibly death as people age.
“Irrespective of how sarcopenia is defined, both low muscle mass and poor muscle strength are clearly highly prevalent and important risk factors for disability and potentially mortality in individuals as they age.”
From Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: The effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
Age-related muscle loss is a strong risk factor for disability, hospitalisation, and death in older adults.
“Age-related muscle loss is a strong risk factor for disability, hospitalisation, and death in older adults.10,13”
From Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: The effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
The paper proposes a gut-muscle axis that plays a role in the age-related loss of muscle mass and function (sarcopenia).
“To conclude, we will integrate these findings and propose a “gut-muscle axis” that we believe plays a role in the age-related loss of muscle mass and function (sarcopenia) [24].”
From Gut Microbiota Contribute to Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle Size, Composition, and Function: Biological Basis for a Gut-Muscle Axis (2018) · cites this paper as [24]
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Self-citationIncreased protein requirements in elderly people: new data and retrospective reassessments
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Self-citationSarcopenia is predictive of nosocomial infection in care of the elderly
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Self-citationLoss of Appendicular Muscle Mass and Loss of Muscle Strength in Young Postmenopausal Women
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“Over this time sarcopenia has become recognized as an important geriatric condition and a key precursor to the development of frailty (7, 8).”
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“An increase in hybrid type I and II fibers (21, 22) with advancing age has been described.”
BackgroundThe effect of age on protein metabolism
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Self-citationImpaired Expression of Notch Signaling Genes in Aged Human Skeletal Muscle
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“Most indirect measures of fat free mass assume, incorrectly, that skeletal muscle remains a constant component of 60% of fat free mass (64).”
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Markers of inflammation, Vitamin E and peripheral nervous system function
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Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment
Chen, L.-K., Woo, J., Assantachai, P., Auyeung, T.-W., Chou, M.-Y., Iijima, K., Jang, H. C., Kang, L., Kim, M., Kim, S., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2019.12.012 · Cited by 7,070 · see citing works
Sarcopenia in Asia: Consensus Report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia
Chen, L.-K., Liu, L.-K., Woo, J., Assantachai, P., Auyeung, T.-W., Bahyah, K. S., Chou, M.-Y., Chen, L.-Y., Hsu, P.-S., Krairit, O., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.11.025 · Cited by 4,051 · see citing works
Frailty Consensus: A Call to Action
Morley, J. E., Vellas, B. J., van Kan, G. A., Anker, S. D., Bauer, J. M., Bernabei, R., Cesari, M., Chumlea, W. C., Doehner, W., Evans, J., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.03.022 · Cited by 4,078 · see citing works
Self-citationCruz-Jentoft, A. J., & Sayer, A. A. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31138-9 · Cited by 3,905 · see citing works
ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition
Cederholm, T., Barazzoni, R., Austin, P., Ballmer, P., Biolo, G., Bischoff, S. C., Compher, C., Correia, I., Higashiguchi, T., Holst, M., et al. (2017) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.09.004 · Cited by 2,560 · see citing works
Self-citationCruz-Jentoft, A. J., Landi, F., Schneider, S. M., Zuniga, C., Arai, H., Boirie, Y., Chen, L.-K., Fielding, R. A., Martin, F. C., Michel, J.-P., et al. (2014) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afu115 · Cited by 1,963 · see citing works
Self-citationGlobal prevalence of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Petermann‐Rocha, F., Balntzi, V., Gray, S. R., Lara, J., Ho, F. K., Pell, J. P., & Celis‐Morales, C. (2022) · Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12783 · Cited by 1,499 · see citing works
Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: aetiology, epidemiology and treatment strategies
Batsis, J. A., & Villareal, D. T. (2018) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-018-0062-9 · Cited by 1,382 · see citing works
SARC-F: A simple questionnaire to rapidly diagnose sarcopenia
Malmstrom, T. K., & Morley, J. E. (2013) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.018 · Cited by 1,319 · see citing works
Self-citationHealth Outcomes of Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Beaudart, C., Zaaria, M., Pasleau, F., Reginster, J., & Bruyère, O. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169548 · Cited by 1,275 · see citing works
SARC-F: a symptom score to predict persons with sarcopenia at risk for poor functional outcomes
Malmstrom, T. K., Miller, D. K., Simonsick, E. M., Ferrucci, L., & Morley, J. E. (2016) · Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12048 · Cited by 1,155 · see citing works
Self-citationSarcopenia with limited mobility: an international consensus
Morley, J. E., Abbatecola, A. M., Argiles, J. M., Baracos, V., Bauer, J., Bhasin, S., Cederholm, T., Stewart Coats, A. J., Cummings, S. R., Evans, W. J., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2011.04.014 · Cited by 1,125 · see citing works
Self-citationDent, E., Morley, J. E., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Arai, H., Kritchevsky, S. B., Guralnik, J., Bauer, J. M., Pahor, M., Clark, B. C., Cesari, M., et al. (2018) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-018-1139-9 · Cited by 1,130 · see citing works
“The majority of the evidence behind this recommendation comes from the two background meta-analyses (4, 11), with support from all international workgroup statements regarding interventions for sarcopenia (3, 5, 11, 25, 26), as well as all task force members.”
InfluentialSelf-citationAge-related and disease-related muscle loss: The effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases
Kalyani, R. R., Corriere, M., & Ferrucci, L. (2014) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70034-8 · Cited by 1,102 · see citing works
Epidemiology of sarcopenia: Prevalence, risk factors, and consequences
Yuan, S., & Larsson, S. C. (2023) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155533 · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
“There are also other definitions for sarcopenia, including the International Working Group on Sarcopenia (IWGS) [10] and the Foundation for the National Institute of Health (FNIH) [11].”
BackgroundShafiee, G., Keshtkar, A., Soltani, A., Ahadi, Z., Larijani, B., & Heshmat, R. (2017) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40200-017-0302-x · Cited by 1,076 · see citing works
“The population- based studies that reported the prevalence of sarcopenia in healthy adults aged ≥ 60 years using the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP), the International Working Group on Sarcopenia (IWGS) and Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) definitions, were selected.”
MethodInfluentialYeung, S. S. Y., Reijnierse, E. M., Pham, V. K., Trappenburg, M. C., Lim, W. K., Meskers, C. G. M., & Maier, A. B. (2019) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12411 · Cited by 1,115 · see citing works
“This highlights the importance of muscle strength or physical performance in the sarcopenia definition, in line with current definitions.(58,59,61,62,68,93) However, literatures also showed the value of including muscle mass in sarcopenia definitions.”
ResultWelcome to the ICD‐10 code for sarcopenia
Anker, S. D., Morley, J. E., & von Haehling, S. (2016) · Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12147 · Cited by 983 · see citing works
Self-citationSkeletal muscle performance and ageing
Tieland, M., Trouwborst, I., & Clark, B. C. (2018) · Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12238 · Cited by 904 · see citing works
Sarcopenia in daily practice: assessment and management
Beaudart, C., McCloskey, E. V., Bruyère, O., Cesari, M., Rolland, Y., Rizzoli, R., de Carvalho, I. A., Thiyagarajan, J. A., Bautmans, I., Bertiére, M.-C., et al. (2016) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-016-0349-4 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Self-citationSarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance
Rosenberg, I. H. (2011) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2011.03.003 · Cited by 786 · see citing works
Pitfalls in the measurement of muscle mass: A need for a reference standard
Buckinx, F., Landi, F., Cesari, M., Fielding, R. A., Visser, M., Engelke, K., Maggi, S., Dennison, E., Al‐Daghri, N. M., Allepaerts, S., et al. (2018) · Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12268 · Cited by 765 · see citing works
Self-citationSarcopenia: A Time for Action. An SCWD Position Paper
Bauer, J. M., Morley, J. E., Schols, A. M. W. J., Ferrucci, L., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Dent, E., Baracos, V. E., Crawford, J. A., Doehner, W., Heymsfield, S. B., et al. (2019) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12483 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical definition of sarcopenia.
Santilli, V., Bernetti, A., Mangone, M., & Paoloni, M. (2014) · CLINICAL CASES IN MINERAL AND BONE METABOLISM · doi:10.11138/ccmbm/2014.11.3.177 · Cited by 722 · see citing works
“The consensus definitions were as follows: • The presence of low skeletal muscle mass and either low muscle strength (e.g., handgrip) or low muscle performance (e.g., walking speed or muscle power); when all three conditions are present, severe sarcopenia may be diagnosed (EWGSOP); • The presence of low skeletal muscl…”
BackgroundMethodRole of Inactivity in Chronic Diseases: Evolutionary Insight and Pathophysiological Mechanisms
Booth, F. W., Roberts, C. K., Thyfault, J. P., Ruegsegger, G. N., & Toedebusch, R. G. (2017) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00019.2016 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
Sarcopenia Definition: The Position Statements of the Sarcopenia Definition and Outcomes Consortium
Bhasin, S., Travison, T. G., Manini, T. M., Patel, S., Pencina, K. M., Fielding, R. A., Magaziner, J. M., Newman, A. B., Kiel, D. P., Cooper, C., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.16372 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
Self-citationNishikawa, H., Shiraki, M., Hiramatsu, A., Moriya, K., Hino, K., & Nishiguchi, S. (2016) · Hepatology Research · doi:10.1111/hepr.12774 · Cited by 656 · see citing works
Tuttle, C. S. L., Thang, L. A. N., & Maier, A. B. (2020) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2020.101185 · Cited by 664 · see citing works
Sarcopenia and Cardiovascular Diseases
Damluji, A. A., Alfaraidhy, M., AlHajri, N., Rohant, N. N., Kumar, M., Al Malouf, C., Bahrainy, S., Ji Kwak, M., Batchelor, W. B., Forman, D. E., et al. (2023) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.123.064071 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Mitochondrial dysfunction and sarcopenia of aging: from signaling pathways to clinical trials
Marzetti, E., Calvani, R., Cesari, M., Buford, T. W., Lorenzi, M., Behnke, B. J., & Leeuwenburgh, C. (2013) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2013.06.024 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
“However, it should be well kept in mind that controversies still exist about the clinical identification of sarcopenia in older persons (Cruz-Jentoft et al. 2010; Muscaritoli et al. 2010; Fielding et al. 2011; Morley et al. 2011).”
Landi, F., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Liperoti, R., Russo, A., Giovannini, S., Tosato, M., Capoluongo, E., Bernabei, R., & Onder, G. (2013) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afs194 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
“Despite a growing interest of scientific community to such condition [1, 8, 9], information on sarcopenia among community living older subjects and its relation to survival is still lacking.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMorley, J. E., Anker, S. D., & von Haehling, S. (2014) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1007/s13539-014-0161-y · Cited by 611 · see citing works
“IWGS Sarcopenia Task Force [5] Gait speed <1.”
InfluentialSelf-citationKirk, B., Cawthon, P. M., Arai, H., Ávila‐Funes, J. A., Barazzoni, R., Bhasin, S., Binder, E. F., Bruyère, O., Cederholm, T., Chen, L., et al. (2024) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afae052 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
“…[17]; the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) Sarcopenia Project [18], the International Working Group on Sarcopenia (IWGS) [19] and the Sarcopenia Definitions and Outcomes Consortium (SDOC) that issued operational cut-off points in several measures that characterise…”
Self-citationSarcopenia and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a bidirectional relationship
Mesinovic, J., Zengin, A., de Courten, B. V., Ebeling, P. R., & Scott, D. S. (2019) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s186600 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Tieland, M., Dirks, M. L., van der Zwaluw, N., Verdijk, L. B., van de Rest, O., de Groot, L. C. P. G. M., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2012.05.020 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Comparative Associations of Muscle Mass and Muscle Strength with Mortality in Dialysis Patients
Isoyama, N., Qureshi, A. R., Avesani, C. M., Lindholm, B., Barany, P. F., Heimbürger, O., Cederholm, T., Stenvinkel, P., & Carrero, J. J. (2014) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.10261013 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Self-citationGrip Strength Cutpoints for the Identification of Clinically Relevant Weakness
Alley, D. E., Shardell, M. D., Peters, K. W., McLean, R. R., Dam, T.-T. L., Kenny, A. M., Fragala, M. S., Harris, T. B., Kiel, D. P., Guralnik, J. M., et al. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glu011 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Self-citationThe aging neuromuscular system and motor performance
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Validating the SARC-F: A Suitable Community Screening Tool for Sarcopenia?
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Self-citationMuscle wasting and cachexia in heart failure: mechanisms and therapies
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Self-citationQuality of Life in Sarcopenia and Frailty
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“• The presence of low skeletal muscle mass and low muscle function (which they advised could be assessed by walking speed) and ‘‘that [sarcopenia] is associated with muscle mass loss alone or in conjunction with increased fat mass’’ (IWGS).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationA Narrative Review on Sarcopenia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence and Associated Factors
Izzo, A. C., Massimino, E., Riccardi, G., & Pepa, G. D. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010183 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
“Sarcopenia in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Associated Factors 3.2.1.”
MethodInfluentialExercise Attenuates the Major Hallmarks of Aging
Garatachea, N., Pareja-Galeano, H., Sanchis-Gomar, F., Santos-Lozano, A., Fiuza-Luces, C., Morán, M., Emanuele, E., Joyner, M. J., & Lucia, A. (2015) · Rejuvenation Research · doi:10.1089/rej.2014.1623 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
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Chronic low-grade inflammation and age-related sarcopenia
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“More recent efforts have added functional and/or strength measures to lean mass to define sarcopenia (5,6), but no approaches thus far have proposed and validated cutpoints and definitions based on discriminative and predictive ability using a data-driven approach from a variety of cohort studies.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationPatel, H. P., Syddall, H. E., Jameson, K., Robinson, S. M., Denison, H. J., Roberts, H. C., Edwards, M. H., Dennison, E. M., Cooper, C. C., & Sayer, A. A. (2013) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afs197 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
“A few consensus operational definitions of sarcopenia have been developed based on low muscle mass and gait speed [18, 30], but these have invariably relied on comparison with healthy young reference values.”
BackgroundGrosicki, G. J., Fielding, R. A., & Lustgarten, M. S. (2018) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-017-0345-5 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Self-citationVolpi, E., Campbell, W., Dwyer, J., Johnson, M., Jensen, G., Morley, J., & Wolfe, R. (2013) · The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/gls229 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Self-citationCancer cachexia and its pathophysiology: links with sarcopenia, anorexia and asthenia
da Silva, S. P., Santos, J., Silva, M. P. C. E., da Costa, R. M. G., & Medeiros, R. (2020) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12528 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
“67kg/m(2) for men and women, respectively).(184) The”
Yoshimura, Y., Wakabayashi, H., Yamada, M., Kim, H., Harada, A., & Arai, H. (2017) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2017.03.019 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
“year, and intervention characteristics; (2) study design; (3) country of origin; (4) number of patients allocated to intervention and control; (5) participant characteristics [ie, age, sex, body mass index, activity level]; (6) criteria for the definition of sarcopenia; (7) mobility and functional level (assessed by,…”
BackgroundAtrogin-1, MuRF-1, and sarcopenia
Gumucio, J. P., & Mendias, C. L. (2012) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-012-9751-7 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
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An evidence-based comparison of operational criteria for the presence of sarcopenia
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Self-citationSarcopenia and mortality among a population‐based sample of community‐dwelling older adults
Brown, J. C., Harhay, M. O., & Harhay, M. N. (2015) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12073 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
“sure of muscle function and bioimpedance analysis (BIA) as a measure of muscle mass.(2,3) Gait speed was assessed using a 4m walk.”
Wynn, J. L. (2016) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0000000000000315 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
The Assessment of Frailty in Older Adults
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“The major signalling pathways that regulate the size of myofibres are the IGF-1– Akt– FOXO pathway, myostatin, NFκ B and glucocorticoids (Fielding et al. 2011; Bonaldo et al. 2013).”
BackgroundPapadopoulou, S. K., Tsintavis, P., Potsaki, G., & Papandreou, D. (2020) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-019-1267-x · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Chen, L., Lee, W., Peng, L., Liu, L.-K., Arai, H., & Akishita, M. (2016) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.05.016 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Robinson, S. M., Denison, H. J., Cooper, C. C., & Sayer, A. A. (2015) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s55842 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Wakabayashi, H., & Sakuma, K. (2014) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1007/s13539-014-0162-x · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Prevalence of sarcopenia as a comorbid disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Pacifico, J., Geerlings, M. A. J., Reijnierse, E. M., Phassouliotis, C., Lim, W. K., & Maier, A. B. (2019) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.110801 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
“…mass, muscle strength and physical performance) and their cut-off values for each parameter (Baumgartner et al., 1998; Chen et al., 2014; Cruz-Jentoft et al., 2010; Fielding et al., 2011; Ishii et al., 2014; Janssen et al., 2004; Janssen et al., 2002; Newman et al., 2003; Studenski et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialBischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Orav, J. E., Kanis, J. A., Rizzoli, R., Schlögl, M., Staehelin, H. B., Willett, W. C., & Dawson-Hughes, B. (2015) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-015-3194-y · Cited by 332 · see citing works
“Falling is a widely accepted serious and clinically and economically relevant consequence of sarcopenia [15, 16].”
BackgroundInfluentialExercise interventions for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. A systematic umbrella review.
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International working group on Sarcopenia
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Sarcopenia: Current Concepts and Imaging Implications
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“In general, the appendicular lean mass assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) has been suggested as a preferable method for the evaluation of muscle mass [2, 4, 16].”
MethodMuscle Ultrasound and Sarcopenia in Older Individuals: A Clinical Perspective
Ticinesi, A., Meschi, T., Narici, M. V., Lauretani, F., & Maggio, M. G. (2017) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.11.013 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Osteoporosis and sarcopenia in older age
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“The assessment of muscle size utilised in the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) and International Working Group on Sarcopenia (IWGS) definitions is that of skeletal mass index (appendicular mass relative to height squared) [33,34].”
InfluentialSelf-citationMyostatin/activin pathway antagonism: molecular basis and therapeutic potential
Han, H. Q., Zhou, X., Mitch, W. E., & Goldberg, A. L. (2013) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2013.05.019 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Health Consequences of Sarcopenic Obesity: A Narrative Review
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Sarcopenia and frailty in chronic respiratory disease
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“International Working Group Sarcopenia (IWGS) Task Force(74) Appendicul ar lean mass index (men <7.”
BackgroundSepúlveda‐Loyola, W., Osadnik, C. R., Phu, S., Morita, A. A., Duque, G., & Probst, V. S. (2020) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12600 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
“measured muscle mass with calf circumference, which confers simplicity as a screening method for sarcopenia,(56,57) but it is not recommended.(7,15,19,43,49) Similar advice is also available for the assessment of muscle strength (handgrip force) and physical performance (gait speed),(7,15) yet inconsistencies were aga…”
Backgrounddos Santos, L., Cyrino, E. S., Antunes, M., Santos, D. A., & Sardinha, L. B. (2017) · Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12160 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Frailty and sarcopenia: definitions and outcome parameters
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Self-citationSarcopenia: assessment of disease burden and strategies to improve outcomes
Liguori, I., Russo, G., Aran, L., Bulli, G., Curcio, F., Della‐Morte, D., Gargiulo, G., Testa, G., Cacciatore, F., Bonaduce, D., et al. (2018) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s149232 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
“Furthermore, skeletal muscle ultrasound (M-US) has been proposed for screening and diagnosing of sarcopenia in elderly individuals, although the current definitions of sarcopenia do not include it in diagnostic algorithms.(61,66) A recent review of the literature about the role of M-US for detecting muscle mass loss i…”
Background
- Authors
- Fielding, R. A., Vellas, B., Evans, W. J., Bhasin, S., Morley, J. E., Newman, A. B., Abellan van Kan, G., Andrieu, S., Bauer, J., Breuille, D., Cederholm, T., Chandler, J., De Meynard, C., Donini, L., Harris, T., Kannt, A., Keime Guibert, F., Onder, G., Papanicolaou, D., Rolland, Y., Rooks, D., Sieber, C., Souhami, E., Verlaan, S., & Zamboni, M.
- Affiliations
- Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (US)
- Inserm (FR)
- GlaxoSmithKline (United States) (US)
- Boston University (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States) (US)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Sanofi (Germany) (DE)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- Hôpital de La Grave (FR)
- Nuremberg Hospital (DE)
- Sanofi (France) (FR)
- Danone (Netherlands) (NL)
- University of Verona (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Fielding, Roger A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American Medical Directors Association
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-05
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 249-256
- ISSN
- 1525-8610 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3377163
- OpenAlex
- W1965927192
- Cited by
- 3,256
- References
- 108
- Citations by year
- 2026: 141 · 2025: 234 · 2024: 256 · 2023: 259 · 2022: 286 · 2021: 293 · 2020: 285 · 2019: 211 · 2018: 274 · 2017: 250 · 2016: 179 · 2015: 179 · 2014: 163 · 2013: 132 · 2012: 93
- FWCI
- 88.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of the American Medical Directors Association (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000005)
- National Institute on Aging (U01AG022376, R03AG025270, R01AG018844, P30AG028740)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- sarcopenia, older adults, skeletal muscle atrophy, muscle function decline, frailty, disability, walking speed, appendicular skeletal muscle mass, body composition assessment, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, cachexia, prevalence, consensus definition
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Diagnostic Errors, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Consensus, Internationality, Sarcopenia
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