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Social isolation and loneliness as risk factors for the progression of frailty: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Open accessAbstract
Background: loneliness and social isolation have been associated with mortality and with functional decline in older people. We investigated whether loneliness or social isolation are associated with progression of frailty. Methods: participants were 2,817 people aged ≥60 from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Loneliness was assessed at Wave 2 using the Revised UCLA scale (short version). A social isolation score at Wave 2 was derived from data on living alone, frequency of contact with friends, family and children, and participation in social organisations. Frailty was assessed by the Fried phenotype of physical frailty at Waves 2 and 4, and by a frailty index at Waves 2-5. Results: high levels of loneliness were associated with an increased risk of becoming physically frail or pre-frail around 4 years later: relative risk ratios (95% CI), adjusted for age, sex, level of frailty and other potential confounding factors at baseline were 1.74 (1.29, 2.34) for pre-frailty, and 1.85 (1.14, 2.99) for frailty. High levels of loneliness were not associated with change in the frailty index-a broadly based measure of general condition-over a mean period of 6 years. In the sample as a whole, there was no association between social isolation and risk of becoming physically frail or pre-frail, but high social isolation was associated with increased risk of becoming physically frail in men. Social isolation was not associated with change in the frailty index. Conclusion: older people who experience high levels of loneliness are at increased risk of becoming physically frail.
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“Social interaction is another key component, as strong social connections are associated with better health outcomes, while loneliness and isolation increase vulnerability to frailty [45].”
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BackgroundFrailty and loneliness/social isolation in late life
Kojima, G., & Tanabe, M. K. G. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003289012-18 · Cited by 1
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“Lonely people are more likely to be inactive, thus increasing the risk of physical frailty (Gale, Westbury & Cooper, 2018; Peterson et al., 2009; Song et al., 2015).”
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“Likewise, older people who experience high levels of loneliness have an increased risk of becoming physically frail or prefrail [13].”
BackgroundGPS Suitability for Physical Frailty Assessment
Boronat, P., Pérez‐Francisco, M., Gascó-Compte, A., Pardo-Navarro, M., & Belmonte, Ó. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24144588 · Cited by 1
“It emphasises not only physical activity but also social behaviour, which is considered crucial in the evolution of frailty, as it has been demonstrated in studies such as [6].”
BackgroundIntermittent breaking of isolation may ameliorate decrease in physical activity caused by isolation
Uchida, A., Nakagawa, K., Yoshimi, K., Nagasawa, Y., Yamaguchi, K., Uesaka, N., & Tohara, H. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0314262 · Cited by 1
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Self-citationThe Impact of Change in Spousal Status on Frailty Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in South KoreaPreprint
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“Reduced social engagement or contact is referred to as social isolation ((12)), which may be required owing to a disability or illness ((14)).”
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“In particular, social isolation increases as a result of biological, natural, and environmental factors that can connect with the frailty of the aged (Gale, 2018, p. 396).”
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Turkish Adaptation of the Frailty Index for Elders: A Methodologic Study
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Nursing Students’ Experiences in Adopting a Senior: A Qualitative Study
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gale, C. R., Westbury, L., & Cooper, C.
- Affiliations
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (GB)
- Venue
- Age and Ageing
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2017-12-22
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 392-397
- ISSN
- 0002-0729 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2834
- PMC
- PMC5920346
- OpenAlex
- W2794981433
- Cited by
- 590
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 10
- FWCI
- 15.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Age and Ageing (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute of Aging in the United States
- UK government
- ELSA
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Keywords
- loneliness, social isolation, frailty progression, pre-frailty, frailty index, older adults, physical frailty, sex differences, social networks, functional decline
- MeSH terms
- Frailty, Aged, England, Family Relations, Female, Humans, Loneliness, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Social Isolation, Time Factors, Geriatric Assessment, Prevalence, Marital Status, Disease Progression, Risk Assessment, Friends, Social Participation
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