Renal adaptation to dietary carnitine in humans
Abstract
Carnitine homeostasis in humans is maintained by dietary carnitine intake, a modest rate of endogenous carnitine synthesis, and efficient conservation of carnitine by the kidney. To assess the effect of dietary carnitine on the efficiency of carnitine reabsorption in humans, rates of carnitine excretion and reabsorption, indexed to the glomerular filtration rate, were determined over a range of plasma free and total carnitine concentrations in 12 strict vegetarians before and after dietary carnitine supplementation (0.248 mmol/d). This amount of dietary carnitine supplementation did not significantly increase plasma carnitine concentration and did not alter the glomerular filtration rate. At normal physiological plasma carnitine concentrations, the rate of carnitine excretion was increased and the rate of carnitine reabsorption was decreased by carnitine supplementation. We conclude that the kidney adapts to carnitine intake by reducing the efficiency of carnitine reabsorption.
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Vegetarians (vegans) typically consume ~0.04 to 0.4 μmol/kg/d of carnitine, which results in 20% to 30% lower plasma concentrations compared with omnivores, although this does not fall outside normal limits.
“Vegetarians (vegans) typically only consume ∼0.04 to 0.4 μmol∙kg/d of carnitine [197], which results in 20% to 30% lower plasma concentrations compared with omnivores [197,198], although this does not fall outside the normal limits [199].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [197]
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References 28 · Cited by 68
- Authors
- Rebouche, C., Lombard, K., & Chenard, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1993-11
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 660-665
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1598161624
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Research Resources (RR 00059, M01RR000059)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
- Keywords
- L-carnitine, carnitine homeostasis, glomerular filtration rate, vegetarians
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Carnitine, Diet, Female, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Humans, Kidney, Male, Models, Theoretical, Diet, Vegetarian
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