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Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete

Open access
West, Sam, Monteyne, Alistair J., van der Heijden, Ino, Stephens, Francis B., Wall, Benjamin T.·2023·Advances in Nutrition
DOI 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.012PMC PMC10334161
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Abstract

Accepting a continued rise in the prevalence of vegan-type diets in the general population is also likely to occur in athletic populations, it is of importance to assess the potential impact on athletic performance, adaptation, and recovery. Nutritional consideration for the athlete requires optimization of energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intakes, and potentially the judicious selection of dietary supplements, all specified to meet the individual athlete's training and performance goals. The purpose of this review is to assess whether adopting a vegan diet is likely to impinge on such optimal nutrition and, where so, consider evidence based yet practical and pragmatic nutritional recommendations. Current evidence does not support that a vegan-type diet will enhance performance, adaptation, or recovery in athletes, but equally suggests that an athlete can follow a (more) vegan diet without detriment. A clear caveat, however, is that vegan diets consumed spontaneously may induce suboptimal intakes of key nutrients, most notably quantity and/or quality of dietary protein and specific micronutrients (eg, iron, calcium, vitamin B12, and vitamin D). As such, optimal vegan sports nutrition requires (more) careful consideration, evaluation, and planning. Individual/seasonal goals, training modalities, athlete type, and sensory/cultural/ethical preferences, among other factors, should all be considered when planning and adopting a vegan diet.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This narrative review concludes that current evidence does not support a vegan diet enhancing athletic performance, adaptation, or recovery, but also suggests athletes can follow a vegan diet without detriment if it is carefully planned. The main risks are suboptimal intakes of protein quantity/quality and micronutrients such as iron, calcium, vitamin B12, and vitamin D, plus low intakes of creatine, carnitine, and carnosine.

Key findings

  • Across 20 general-population studies summarized in Table 2 (vegans n = 7315; omnivores n = 165,594), vegans had lower mean protein intake (63.24 vs 89.4 g/d, ∼30% lower), lower mean energy intake (1991 vs 2101 kcal/d, ∼5% lower), higher mean carbohydrate intake (269.9 vs 260.1 g/d), and lower mean fat intake (66.4 vs 82.0 g/d).
  • Vegan diets are low or devoid of creatine, carnitine, and carnosine; vegans/vegetarians show lower plasma creatine (30%–50%) and intramuscular creatine (∼12%), lower plasma carnitine (20%–30%), and lower muscle carnosine, though direct evidence that these lower concentrations impair performance is lacking.
  • Micronutrient risks include vitamin B12 deficiency in 52% of vegans and low status in another 21% in EPIC-Oxford; lower vitamin D intake (0.7 vs 3.1 μg/d in UK adult vegans vs omnivores); lower calcium intakes in vegans (610 mg/d male, 582 mg/d female); and increased iron-deficiency risk because nonheme iron is less bioavailable (2%–20%) than heme iron (15%–35%).
  • Protein quantity and quality require attention: plant proteins are often lower in essential amino acids such as leucine, methionine, and lysine, and some studies show lower postexercise muscle protein synthesis with plant vs animal proteins, though differences may disappear with higher doses (∼30 g) or blending.

Methods

  • Narrative review assessing whether adopting a vegan diet impinges on optimal sports nutrition and providing evidence-based practical recommendations.
  • Collapses data from 20 studies in Table 2 comparing ad libitum energy and macronutrient intakes between vegans (n = 7315) and omnivores (n = 165,594) in the general population, because dietary data in vegan athletes are lacking.
  • Discusses energy, macronutrients, ergogenic aids (creatine, carnitine, carnosine), and micronutrients (vitamin B12, iron, calcium, vitamin D); no systematic review or meta-analysis was performed.

Limitations

  • The paper states there is little empirical evidence comparing vegan and omnivorous diets in athletes and their effects on adaptation and performance, making direct conclusions difficult; it relies on general-population intake data to infer athlete impacts.
  • The paper states that definitive quantitative conclusions are challenging because effects likely differ by endpoint, measure, and athlete type.
  • Evident from the text: this is a narrative review, not a systematic review; Table 2 uses ad libitum general-population data rather than athlete data; and the authors disclose funding and support from Marlow Foods LTD related to the review content.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.012

Cites

294 of 294 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 280 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingcitation

    When averaged across studies, the energy intake of vegans was only 5% lower compared with their omnivorous counterparts.

    “However, when averaged across studies, the energy intake of vegans was only 5% lower compared with their omnivorous counterparts, a difference that is likely inconsequential considering that vegan individuals often have a lower body mass [5].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    In Table 2, vegans within the general population consume considerably (approximately 30%) less protein compared with omnivores.

    “The summary of studies we present in Table 2 reliably demonstrates (in all studies included) that vegans within the general population consume considerably (∼30%) less protein compared with omnivores.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    There are no data to suggest that vegans are deficient (or suboptimal) in cholesterol to the point where it will impact any aspect of performance, adaptation, or recovery.

    “there are no data to suggest that vegans are deficient (or suboptimal) to the point where it will impact any aspect of performance, adaptation, or recovery.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    Comparisons of circulating testosterone between vegans and omnivores have revealed no differences.

    “and comparisons of circulating testosterone between vegans and omnivores have revealed no differences [132].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [132] Castellano B.M. Thelen A.M. Moldavski O. Feltes M. van der Welle R.E. Mydock-McGrane L. Lysosomal cholesterol activates mTORC1 via an SLC38A9–Niemann-Pick C1 signaling complex Science 355 6331 2017 1306 1311 10.1126/science.aag1417 28336668 PMC5823611 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingcitation

    A diet with just 22% of energy coming from fat did not reduce intramuscular triglyceride stores.

    “Nevertheless, Coyle et al. [130] demonstrated that a diet with just 22% of energy coming from fat did not reduce IMTG stores.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [130] Coyle E.F. Jeukendrup A.E. Oseto M.C. Hodgkinson B.J. Zderic T.W. Low-fat diet alters intramuscular substrates and reduces lipolysis and fat oxidation during exercise Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 280 3 2001 E391 E398 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.3.e391 11171592 source

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 29
  • May combine two claims. 88

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    In the example diet provided for a strength athlete, 43% of total energy intake comes from animal sources.

    “For context, in the example diet we provide for a strength athlete (Supplementary Table 1), 43% of total energy intake comes from animal sources.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Table 2 demonstrates a clear shift in the proportion of energy being provided by each macronutrient between vegans and omnivores.

    “Although the provision of energy to support athletic training and performance does not appear to represent a major concern for the vegan athlete, Table 2 does demonstrate a clear shift in the proportion of energy being provided by each macronutrient.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    The most obvious and well documented difference in macronutrient intake between vegans and omnivores concerns dietary protein.

    “The most obvious and well documented difference in macronutrient intake between vegans and omnivores concerns dietary protein.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    There are no data to suggest that vegans are deficient for CLA, and further, whether this is likely to affect the athlete.

    “Likewise, there are no data to suggest that vegans are deficient for CLA, and further, whether this is likely to affect the athlete.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    As demonstrated in Table 2, the lower energy intake from dietary protein within the vegan population is exclusively compensated for by increased carbohydrate intake, a finding true of all-bar-one of the studies examined.

    “As demonstrated in Table 2, the lower energy intake from dietary protein within the vegan population is exclusively compensated for by increased carbohydrate intake, a finding true of all-bar-one of the studies we examined.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Coingesting galactose with maltodextrin resulted in comparable postexercise liver glycogen repletion to a fructose/maltodextrin condition, and double that of a glucose-only condition.

    “However, coingesting galactose with maltodextrin resulted in comparable postexercise liver glycogen repletion to a fructose/maltodextrin condition, and double that of a glucose-only condition [127]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [127] Décombaz J. Jentjens R. Ith M. Scheurer E. Buehler T. Jeukendrup A. Fructose and galactose enhance postexercise human liver glycogen synthesis Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 43 10 2011 1964 1971 10.1249/mss.0b013e318218ca5a 21407126 source

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    Findingcitation

    Regarding endurance-based sports, n-3 supplementation has been reported to positively affect parameters of oxidative capacity and oxygen efficiency but has not translated to any meaningful improvements in endurance exercise performance.

    “Regarding endurance based sports, n-3 supplementation has been reported to positively affect parameters of oxidative capacity [146,147] and oxygen efficiency [148,149] but this also has not translated to any meaningful improvements in endurance exercise performance [150].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
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    Findingcitation

    Studies comparing animal and nonanimal protein supplementation have produced equivocal results: some observed greater training-induced lean mass increases with animal proteins (whey or milk) versus soy, while others found no differences when whey was compared with rice, pea, soy, or a pea/yeast protein blend.

    “Such studies have produced equivocal results, with some [105,106] observing greater training-induced increases in lean mass when supplementing with animal proteins (whey or milk) compared with nonanimal alternatives (soy), whereas others [[107], [108], [109], [110]] have found no differences when whey has been compared with rice, pea, soy, or a pea/yeast protein blend.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [105] Hartman J.W. Tang J.E. Wilkinson S.B. Tarnopolsky M.A. Lawrence R.L. Fullerton A.V. Consumption of fat-free fluid milk after resistance exercise promotes greater lean mass accretion than does consumption of soy or carbohydrate in young, novice, male weightlifters Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86 2 2007 373 381 10.1093/ajcn/86.2.373 17684208 source

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    • cites [[107], [108], [109], [110]]

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    Findingcitation

    Vegans consume lower amounts of cholesterol and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA).

    “Vegans consume lower amounts of cholesterol and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) [33,26].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [33] Clarys P. Deliens T. Huybrechts I. Deriemaeker P. Vanaelst B. De Keyzer W. Comparison of nutritional quality of the vegan, vegetarian, semi-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian and omnivorous diet Nutrients 6 3 2014 1318 1332 10.3390/nu6031318 24667136 PMC3967195 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [26] Davey G.K. Spencer E.A. Appleby P.N. Allen N.E. Knox K.H. Key T.J. EPIC–Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK Public Health Nutr 6 3 2003 259 269 10.1079/phn2002430 12740075 source

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    Findingcitation

    Despite compelling evidence that CLA supplementation can influence body composition in rodent models, human data are more modest.

    “Moreover, despite compelling evidence that CLA supplementation can influence body composition in rodent models [134,135], human data are more modest [[136], [137], [138]].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [134] Park Y. Albright K.J. Liu W. Storkson J.M. Cook M.E. Pariza M.W. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice Lipids 32 8 1997 853 858 10.1007/s11745-997-0109-x 9270977 source

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    • cites [135] Park Y. Storkson J.M. Albright K.J. Liu W. Pariza M.W. Evidence that the trans-10, cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid induces body composition changes in mice Lipids 34 3 1999 235 241 10.1007/s11745-999-0358-8 10230716 source

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    • cites [[136], [137], [138]]

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  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Greater training-induced lean mass gains were reported in participants consuming an omnivorous diet compared with a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet at 0.78 g/kg BM/d, but these differences were no longer evident when protein intakes increased to 1.15 g/kg BM/d.

    “For instance, greater training-induced lean mass gains were reported in participants consuming an omnivorous diet compared with those consuming a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet at 0.78 g/kg BM/d [111], but these differences were no longer evident when protein intakes increased to 1.15 g/kg BM/d [112].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [111] Campbell W.W. Barton M.L. Jr. Cyr-Campbell D. Davey S.L. Beard J.L. Parise G. Effects of an omnivorous diet compared with a lactoovovegetarian diet on resistance-training-induced changes in body composition and skeletal muscle in older men Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70 6 1999 1032 1039 10.1093/ajcn/70.6.1032 10584048 source

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    • cites [112] Haub M.D. Wells A.M. Tarnopolsky M.A. Campbell W.W. Effect of protein source on resistive-training-induced changes in body composition and muscle size in older men Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76 3 2002 511 517 10.1093/ajcn/76.3.511 12197993 PMC2556250 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Increased muscle carnitine availability results in reduced glycogen utilization during low intensity exercise (50% VO2max), a reduced contribution of anaerobic ATP production during high-intensity exercise (80% VO2max), and increased work output during a 30-min maximal cycling performance test.

    “Importantly, this increased muscle carnitine availability results in reduced glycogen utilization during low intensity exercise (50% V˙˙O2 max) (likely due to increased fat oxidation [195]), a reduced contribution of anaerobic ATP production during high-intensity exercise (80% V˙˙O2 max) (attributed to increased acetyl group buffering), and resultantly increased work output during a 30-min maximal”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [195] Stephens F.B. Wall B.T. Marimuthu K. Shannon C.E. Constantin-Teodosiu D. Macdonald I.A. Skeletal muscle carnitine loading increases energy expenditure, modulates fuel metabolism gene networks and prevents body fat accumulation in humans J. Physiol. 591 18 2013 4655 4666 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.255364 23818692 PMC3784205 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    12-wk carnitine supplementation (1 g twice daily with morning and evening meals) significantly increased muscle carnitine stores in the vegetarian group (11%), but not the omnivore group.

    “The 12-wk supplementation protocol (1 g twice daily with morning and evening meals) significantly increased muscle carnitine stores in the vegetarian group (11%), but not the omnivore group”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [200] Novakova K. Kummer O. Bouitbir J. Stoffel S.D. Hoerler-Koerner U. Bodmer M. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on the body carnitine pool, skeletal muscle energy metabolism and physical performance in male vegetarians Eur. J. Nutr. 55 1 2016 207 217 10.1007/s00394-015-0838-9 25612929 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Similar long-term carnitine coingestion supplementation studies reported ~20% increases in muscle carnitine content and beneficial shifts in muscle fuel selection in older adults.

    “Supportive data can also be found in similar long-term carnitine coingestion supplementation studies (25 wk of 3 g of carnitine with an insulinogenic beverage containing 44 g carbohydrate and 14 g protein) where ∼20% increases in muscle carnitine content and beneficial shifts in muscle fuel selection were reported in older adults [196].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [196] Chee C. Shannon C.E. Burns A. Selby A.L. Wilkinson D. Smith K. Increasing skeletal muscle carnitine content in older individuals increases whole-body fat oxidation during moderate-intensity exercise Aging Cell 20 2 2021 e13303 10.1111/acel.13303 PMC7884033 33464721 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Coingestion of carbohydrate with carnitine (94 g and 3 g, respectively) improves whole-body carnitine retention and muscle uptake.

    “and, therefore, coingestion of carbohydrate with carnitine (94 g and 3 g, respectively) improves whole-body carnitine retention [194] and muscle uptake [50].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [194] Stephens F.B. Evans C.E. Constantin-Teodosiu D. Greenhaff P.L. Carbohydrate ingestion augments L-carnitine retention in humans J. Appl. Physiol. 102 3 1985 1065 1070 10.1152/japplphysiol.01011.2006 2007 17138832 source

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    • cites [50] Fujita S. Dreyer H.C. Drummond M.J. Glynn E.L. Cadenas J.G. Yoshizawa F. Nutrient signalling in the regulation of human muscle protein synthesis J. Physiol. 582 2 2007 813 823 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.134593 17478528 PMC2075348 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Creatine supplementation can improve recovery from exercise via enhanced muscle glycogen replenishment, attenuated muscle damage, inflammation, and muscle soreness, and can improve cognitive function.

    “There is also evidence that creatine supplementation can improve recovery from exercise, via enhanced muscle glycogen replenishment [171,172], attenuated muscle damage [173], inflammation, and muscle soreness [174], and that it can improve cognitive function [175,176].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [171] Green A.L. Hultman E. Macdonald I.A. Sewell D.A. Greenhaff P.L. Carbohydrate ingestion augments skeletal muscle creatine accumulation during creatine supplementation in humans Am. J. Physiol. 271 5 Pt 1 1996 E821 E826 10.1152/ajpendo.1996.271.5.e821 8944667

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    Findingcitation

    This increase in muscle carnitine content had no impact on muscle fuel metabolism or exercise performance.

    “However, contradictory to the findings of Wall et al. [205], this increase in muscle carnitine content had no impact on muscle fuel metabolism (respiratory exchange ratio (RER) at exhaustion or blood lactate/RER during 1 hr of exercise at 75% V˙˙O2 max) or exercise performance (V˙˙O2 max, maximal physical capacity).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [200] Novakova K. Kummer O. Bouitbir J. Stoffel S.D. Hoerler-Koerner U. Bodmer M. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on the body carnitine pool, skeletal muscle energy metabolism and physical performance in male vegetarians Eur. J. Nutr. 55 1 2016 207 217 10.1007/s00394-015-0838-9 25612929 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [205] Wall B.T. Stephens F.B. Constantin-Teodosiu D. Marimuthu K. Macdonald I.A. Greenhaff P.L. Chronic oral ingestion of l-carnitine and carbohydrate increases muscle carnitine content and alters muscle fuel metabolism during exercise in humans J. Physiol. 589 4 2011 963 973 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.201343 21224234 PMC3060373 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    10-wk of β-alanine supplementation increased muscle carnosine content and resulted in an improvement in a cycling capacity test at 110% Wmax.

    “Hill et al. [211] extended on these findings by showing 10-wk of β-alanine supplementation increased muscle carnosine content and resulted in an improvement in a cycling capacity test at 110% Wmax.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [211] Hill C.A. Harris R.C. Kim H.J. Harris B.D. Sale C. Boobis L.H. Influence of β-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity Amino Acids 32 2 2007 225 233 10.1007/s00726-006-0364-4 16868650 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Vegetarians (vegans) typically consume ~0.04 to 0.4 μmol/kg/d of carnitine, which results in 20% to 30% lower plasma concentrations compared with omnivores, although this does not fall outside normal limits.

    “Vegetarians (vegans) typically only consume ∼0.04 to 0.4 μmol∙kg/d of carnitine [197], which results in 20% to 30% lower plasma concentrations compared with omnivores [197,198], although this does not fall outside the normal limits [199].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [197] Rebouche C.J. Lombard K.A. Chenard C.A. Renal adaptation to dietary carnitine in humans Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 58 5 1993 660 665 10.1093/ajcn/58.5.660 8237872 source

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    • cites [198] Stephens F.B. Marimuthu K. Cheng Y. Patel N. Constantin D. Simpson E.J. Vegetarians have a reduced skeletal muscle carnitine transport capacity Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 94 3 2011 938 944 10.3945/ajcn.111.012047 21753065 source

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    • cites [199] Lombard K.A. Olson A.L. Nelson S.E. Rebouche C.J. Carnitine status of lactoovovegetarians and strict vegetarian adults and children Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 50 2 1989 301 306 10.1093/ajcn/50.2.301 2756917 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    These studies did not report any alteration in muscle fuel utilization or exercise performance, and so a quantifiable level of muscle carnitine 'deficiency' in the context of optimal sports nutrition is not yet identifiable.

    “However, these studies did not report any alteration in muscle fuel utilization or exercise performance, and so a quantifiable level of muscle carnitine ‘deficiency’ in the context of optimal sports nutrition is not yet identifiable.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Many studies have observed mixed results on whether β-alanine supplementation can improve exercise performance, with the greatest effects in exercise lasting 1 to 4 min.

    “Many studies have since investigated whether β-alanine supplementation can improve exercise performance and have observed mixed results [[212], [213], [214], [215]], with the greatest effects in exercise lasting 1 to 4 min [216].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
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    • cites [213] Hoffman J.R. Ratamess N.A. Faigenbaum A.D. Ross R. Kang J. Stout J.R. Short-duration β-alanine supplementation increases training volume and reduces subjective feelings of fatigue in college football players Nutr. Res. 28 1 2008 31 35 10.1016/j.nutres.2007.11.004 19083385 source

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    • cites [214] Baguet A. Bourgois J. Vanhee L. Achten E. Derave W. Important role of muscle carnosine in rowing performance J. Appl. Physiol. 109 4 1985 1096 1101 10.1152/japplphysiol.00141.2010 2010 20671038 source

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    Premisecitation

    Failure to reach energy balance, or conditions of prolonged low energy availability, can rapidly result in increased risk of injury, illness, overtraining syndrome, and undesired weight loss including muscle mass, impairing training adaptation and performance.

    “Regardless of absolute energy requirements, failure to reach energy balance, or conditions of prolonged low energy availability [17], can rapidly result in an increased risk of injury, illness, overtraining syndrome, and (undesired) weight loss (including muscle mass) [14,19], impairing training adaptation and performance [13,16,17].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
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      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [13] Loucks A.B. Kiens B. Wright H.H. Energy availability in athletes J. Sports Sci. 29 Suppl. 1 2011 S7 S15 10.1080/02640414.2011.588958 21793767 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [16] American Dietetic Association Dietitians of Canada American College of Sports Medicine Rodriguez N.R. Di Marco N.M. Langley S. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Nutrition and athletic performance Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 41 3 2009 709 731 10.1249/mss.0b013e31890eb86 19225360

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Targeted nutritional strategies to optimize macronutrient intake are commonplace within sports nutrition and likely mean any differences in Table 2 are dampened in athlete populations.

    “However, targeted nutritional strategies to optimize macronutrient intake are commonplace within sports nutrition [[19], [20], [21]] and likely means any differences in Table 2 are dampened in athlete populations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [19] Lowery L.M. Dietary fat and sports nutrition: a primer J. Sports Sci. Med. 3 3 2004 106 117 24482588 PMC3905293

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [20] Burke L.M. Hawley J.A. Wong S.H. Jeukendrup A.E. Carbohydrates for training and competition J. Sports Sci. 29 Suppl. 1 2011 10.1080/02640414.2011.585473 S17–S27 21660838

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [21] Phillips S.M. Dietary protein requirements and adaptive advantages in athletes Br. J. Nutr. 108 Suppl. 2 2012 S158 S167 10.1017/s0007114512002516 23107527 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Veganism is becoming increasingly popular in the general population, particularly in Western cultures.

    “A vegan, or ‘plant-based,’ diet is becoming increasingly popular in the general population [3], particularly in Western cultures [4].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [3] Leitzmann C. Vegetarian nutrition: past, present, future Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 100 Suppl. 1 2014 496S 502S 10.3945/ajcn.113.071365 (suppl_1) 24898226 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [4] Kamiński M. Skonieczna-Żydecka K. Nowak J.K. Stachowska E. Global and local diet popularity rankings, their secular trends, and seasonal variation in google trends data Nutrition 79–80 2020 110759 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110759 32563767

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prolonged periods where MPS exceeds muscle protein breakdown result in net muscle protein accretion, and periods where muscle protein breakdown exceeds MPS result in loss of muscle mass, with changes in MPS thought to be most consequential.

    “Prolonged periods where MPS exceeds muscle protein breakdown will result in the net muscle protein accretion, and periods where muscle protein breakdown exceeds MPS will result in the loss of muscle mass, with changes in MPS thought to be most consequential [49].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] Biolo G. Declan Fleming R.Y. Wolfe R.R. Physiologic hyperinsulinemia stimulates protein synthesis and enhances transport of selected amino acids in human skeletal muscle J. Clin. Invest. 95 2 1995 811 819 10.1172/jci117731 7860765 PMC295560 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Athletes looking to adopt a vegan diet can do so without compromising energy balance, although they should bear it in mind especially under conditions of particularly high energy demand.

    “Therefore, it appears that athletes looking to adopt a vegan diet can do so without compromising energy balance, although they should bear it in mind as a consideration, especially under conditions of particularly high energy demand.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A vegan diet is higher in fruits and vegetables, which typically contain less energy for a given mass of food.

    “Furthermore, a vegan diet is high(er) in fruits and vegetables [33,44], which typically contain less energy for a given mass of food (ie, lower energy density foods).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [33] Clarys P. Deliens T. Huybrechts I. Deriemaeker P. Vanaelst B. De Keyzer W. Comparison of nutritional quality of the vegan, vegetarian, semi-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian and omnivorous diet Nutrients 6 3 2014 1318 1332 10.3390/nu6031318 24667136 PMC3967195 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [44] Bradbury K.E. Tong T.Y.N. Key T.J. Dietary intake of high-protein foods and other major foods in meat-eaters, poultry-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans in UK Biobank Nutrients 9 12 2017 1317 10.3390/nu9121317 29207491 PMC5748767 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Planning and adhering to a higher protein vegan/vegetarian diet is eminently achievable, and consideration to food choices can achieve protein intakes in line with current recommendations.

    “However, multiple studies [[62], [63], [64]] have shown that planning and adhering to a high(er) protein vegan/vegetarian diet is eminently achievable, which we illustrate in sample diets where consideration to food choices can achieve protein intakes in line with current recommendations (Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [62] Hevia-Larraín V. Gualano B. Longobardi I. Gil S. Fernandes A.L. Costa L.A.R. High-protein plant-based diet versus a protein-matched omnivorous diet to support resistance training adaptations: a comparison between habitual vegans and omnivores Sports Med 51 6 2021 1317 1330 10.1007/s40279-021-01434-9 33599941 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [63] Campbell W.W. Leidy H.J. Dietary protein and resistance training effects on muscle and body composition in older persons J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 26 6 2007 696S 703S 10.1080/07315724.2007.10719650 18187436 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [64] Monteyne A.J. Coelho M.O.C. Murton A.J. Abdelrahman D.R. Blackwell J.R. Koscien C.P. Vegan and omnivorous high protein diets support comparable daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates and skeletal muscle hypertrophy in young adults J. Nutr. 2023 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.02.023 PMC10308267 36822394 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The robust postexercise MPS responses to milk, egg, and meat-derived proteins have been attributed to their high essential amino acid content, particularly leucine, a lack of notable amino acid deficiencies, rapid digestibility, and high total digestibility/absorbability.

    “This has been attributed to their high essential amino acid (EAA) content [69], particularly leucine [70], a lack of any notable amino acid deficiencies [71], rapid digestibility [72], and a high total digestibility/absorbability and therefore availability in the circulation (ie, ‘bioavailability’) [72].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [69] Pennings B. Boirie Y. Senden J.M. Gijsen A.P. Kuipers H. van Loon L.J. Whey protein stimulates postprandial muscle protein accretion more effectively than do casein and casein hydrolysate in older men Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 93 5 2011 997 1005 10.3945/ajcn.110.008102 21367943 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [70] Wall B.T. Hamer H.M. de Lange A. Kiskini A. Groen B.B. Senden J.M. Leucine co-ingestion improves post-prandial muscle protein accretion in elderly men Clin. Nutr. 32 3 2013 412 419 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.09.002 23043721 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [71] van Vliet S. Burd N.A. van Loon L.J. The skeletal muscle anabolic response to plant-versus animal-based protein consumption J. Nutr. 145 9 2015 1981 1991 10.3945/jn.114.204305 26224750 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Differences between animal- and plant-based protein sources are absent when higher doses of protein (approximately 30 g protein) are compared, though this is not always the case.

    “An emerging theme is that differences between animal- and plant- based sources are absent when higher doses of protein (presumably obviating any individual amino acid deficiencies) are compared (∼30 g protein), though this is not always the case [53,86].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [53] Churchward-Venne T.A. Pinckaers P.J.M. Smeets J.S.J. Peeters W.M. Zorenc A.H. Schierbeek H. Myofibrillar and mitochondrial protein synthesis rates do not differ in young men following the ingestion of carbohydrate with milk protein, whey, or micellar casein after concurrent resistance-and endurance-type exercise J. Nutr. 149 2 2019 198 209 10.1093/jn/nxy244 30698725 PMC6561606 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [86] Yang Y. Churchward-Venne T.A. Burd N.A. Breen L. Tarnopolsky M.A. Phillips S.M. Myofibrillar protein synthesis following ingestion of soy protein isolate at rest and after resistance exercise in elderly men Nutr. Metab. (Lond.). 9 1 2012 57 10.1186/1743-7075-9-57 22698458 PMC3478988 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Casein ingestion resulted in a greater increase in MPS compared with a protein-matched wheat protein hydrolysate in healthy older men, as wheat failed to significantly increase rates of MPS above postabsorptive levels.

    “Further, casein ingestion resulted in a greater increase in MPS compared with a protein-matched wheat protein hydrolysate in healthy older men, as wheat failed to significantly increase rates of MPS above postabsorptive levels [87].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [87] Gorissen S.H. Horstman A.M. Franssen R. Crombag J.J. Langer H. Bierau J. Ingestion of wheat protein increases in vivo muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy older men in a randomized trial J. Nutr. 146 9 2016 1651 1659 10.3945/jn.116.231340 27440260 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Plant sources frequently have lower total essential amino acid contents, and leucine, methionine, and/or lysine in particular, which have been suggested to provide limitations for MPS at either the molecular signaling or substrate availability levels.

    “Although the protein found in non–animal-derived sources may be equally digestible, plant sources frequently have lower total EAA contents, and leucine, methionine, and/or lysine in particular, which have been suggested to provide limitations for MPS at either the molecular signaling or substrate availability levels [83].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [83] Pinckaers P.J.M. Trommelen J. Snijders T. van Loon L.J.C. The anabolic response to plant-based protein ingestion Sports Med 51 Suppl. 1 2021 59 74 10.1007/s40279-021-01540-8 34515966 PMC8566416 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Approximately 67% of the protein becomes available following the consumption of intrinsically labeled egg protein over a 5-hour postprandial window.

    “Similarly, van Vliet et al. [68] showed, over a 5-h postprandial window, that ∼67% of the protein becomes available following the consumption of intrinsically labeled egg protein.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [68] van Vliet S. Shy E.L. Abou Sawan S. Beals J.W. West D.W. Skinner S.K. Consumption of whole eggs promotes greater stimulation of postexercise muscle protein synthesis than consumption of isonitrogenous amounts of egg whites in young men Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 106 6 2017 1401 1412 10.3945/ajcn.117.159855 28978542 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Animal-based food sources are generally protein dense, especially meat and dairy products, and therefore comprise a major proportion of protein intake in the general population.

    “Animal-based food sources are generally protein dense, especially meat and dairy products, and therefore comprise a major proportion of protein intake in the general population [23,37,39].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [23] Allen N.E. Appleby P.N. Davey G.K. Kaaks R. Rinaldi S. Key T.J. The associations of diet with serum insulin-like growth factor I and its main binding proteins in 292 women meat-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 11 11 2002 1441 1448 12433724

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [37] Schmidt J.A. Rinaldi S. Scalbert A. Ferrari P. Achaintre D. Gunter M.J. Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 70 3 2016 306 312 10.1038/ejcn.2015.144 26395436 PMC4705437 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [39] Allès B. Baudry J. Méjean C. Touvier M. Péneau S. Hercberg S. Comparison of sociodemographic and nutritional characteristics between self-reported vegetarians, vegans, and meat-eaters from the Nutrinet-Sante study Nutrients 9 9 2017 1023 10.3390/nu9091023 28926931 PMC5622783 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Although 20 g may be considered optimal for animal-based proteins, a higher dose may be needed for some nonanimal proteins.

    “Therefore, although 20 g may be considered optimal for animal-based proteins (with larger doses resulting in a sharp increase in amino acid oxidation) [74,75], a higher dose may be needed for (some) nonanimal proteins.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [74] Witard O.C. Jackman S.R. Breen L. Smith K. Selby A. Tipton K.D. Myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis rates subsequent to a meal in response to increasing doses of whey protein at rest and after resistance exercise Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 99 1 2014 86 95 10.3945/ajcn.112.055517 24257722 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [75] Moore D.R. Robinson M.J. Fry J.L. Tang J.E. Glover E.I. Wilkinson S.B. Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89 1 2009 161 168 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26401 19056590 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Approximately 61% and 49% availability of amino acids from minced beef and beef steak over a 6-hour postprandial period, respectively.

    “Furthermore, Pennings et al. [73] observed ∼61% and ∼49% availability of amino acids from minced beef and beef steak over a 6-h postprandial period, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [73] Pennings B. Groen B.B. van Dijk J.W. de Lange A. Kiskini A. Kuklinski M. Minced beef is more rapidly digested and absorbed than beef steak, resulting in greater postprandial protein retention in older men Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 98 1 2013 121 128 10.3945/ajcn.112.051201 23636241 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Nonanimal protein sources are not necessarily less anabolic compared with animal-based sources but require consideration on a case-by-case basis.

    “These data suggest that nonanimal protein sources are not necessarily less anabolic compared with animal-based sources but require consideration on a case-by-case basis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Ad libitum dietary protein intake is markedly lower and largely suboptimal from a sports nutrition perspective in most individuals who adopt a vegan diet.

    “This suggests that ad libitum dietary protein intake is markedly lower (and largely suboptimal from a sports nutrition perspective) in most individuals who adopt a vegan diet.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Plant-based protein sources typically contain a much lower proportion of protein than animal-based sources.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Milk, egg, and meat-derived proteins all stimulate robust postexercise MPS responses.

    “For example, milk, egg, and meat-derived proteins all stimulate robust postexercise MPS responses [[66], [67], [68]].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [66] Mitchell C.J. McGregor R.A. D’Souza R.F. Thorstensen E.B. Markworth J.F. Fanning A.C. Consumption of milk protein or whey protein results in a similar increase in muscle protein synthesis in middle aged men Nutrients 7 10 2015 8685 8699 10.3390/nu7105420 26506377 PMC4632440 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [67] Burd N.A. Gorissen S.H. van Vliet S. Snijders T. van Loon L.J. Differences in postprandial protein handling after beef compared with milk ingestion during postexercise recovery: a randomized controlled trial Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 102 4 2015 828 836 10.3945/ajcn.114.103184 26354539 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [68] van Vliet S. Shy E.L. Abou Sawan S. Beals J.W. West D.W. Skinner S.K. Consumption of whole eggs promotes greater stimulation of postexercise muscle protein synthesis than consumption of isonitrogenous amounts of egg whites in young men Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 106 6 2017 1401 1412 10.3945/ajcn.117.159855 28978542 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Most athletic training programs incorporate both endurance and resistance training, perhaps increasing protein requirements further.

    “Furthermore, for the majority of athletes’ training modalities are not mutually exclusive, as most athletic training programs will incorporate both endurance and resistance training, perhaps increasing protein requirements further.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A plant/animal protein blend or exclusively plant protein blend can stimulate an equivalent MPS response to an animal-based comparison.

    “A handful of studies have supported the blending theory by demonstrating that a plant/animal protein blend [89,90,92,93] or exclusively plant protein blend [88,94,95] can stimulate an equivalent MPS response to an animal-based comparison.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [89] Pinckaers P.J.M. Kouw I.W.K. Hendriks F.K. van Kranenburg J.M.X. de Groot L.C.P.G.M. Verdijk L.B. No differences in muscle protein synthesis rates following ingestion of wheat protein, milk protein, and their protein blend in healthy, young males Br. J. Nutr. 126 12 2021 1832 1842 10.1017/S0007114521000635 33597056 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [90] Pinckaers P.J.M. Weijzen M.E. Houben L.H.P. Zorenc A.H. Kouw I.W.K. de Groot L.C.P.G.M. The muscle protein synthetic response following ingestion of corn protein, milk protein and their protein blend in young males Curr. Dev. Nutr. 4 Supplement_2 2020 651 10.1093/cdn/nzaa049_044

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [92] Borack M.S. Reidy P.T. Husaini S.H. Markofski M.M. Deer R.R. Richison A.B. Soy-dairy protein blend or whey protein isolate ingestion induces similar postexercise muscle mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling and protein synthesis responses in older men J. Nutr. 146 12 2016 2468 2475 10.3945/jn.116.231159 27798330 PMC5118761 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [93] Reidy P.T. Walker D.K. Dickinson J.M. Gundermann D.M. Drummond M.J. Timmerman K.L. Protein blend ingestion following resistance exercise promotes human muscle protein synthesis J. Nutr. 143 4 2013 410 416 10.3945/jn.112.168021 23343671 PMC3738242 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [88] Pinckaers P.J.M. Kouw I.W.K. Gorissen S.H.M. Senden J.M. de Groot L.C.P.G.M. Verdijk L.B. The muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of a plant-based protein blend is not different from milk protein in healthy, young males Curr. Dev. Nutr. 5 Supplement_2 2021 517 10.1093/cdn/nzab041_032 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [94] Kouw I.W. Pinckaers P. Le Bourgot C. Van Kranenburg J. Zorenc A. De Groot L. Ingestion of an ample amount of meat substitute based on a lysine-enriched, plant-based protein blend stimulates postprandial muscle protein synthesis to a similar extent as an isonitrogenous amount of chicken in healthy, young men Br. J. Nutr. 128 10 2022 1955 1965 10.1017/s0007114521004906 34881688 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [95] Pinckaers P.J.M. Kouw I.W.K. Gorissen S.H.M. Houben L.H.P. Senden J.M. Wodzig W.K.H.W. The muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of a plant-derived protein blend does not differ from an equivalent amount of milk protein in healthy, young males J. Nutr. 152 12 2023 2734 2743 10.1093/jn/nxac222 36170964 PMC9839989 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Brown rice is low in lysine but high in methionine, whereas pea is low in methionine and high in lysine.

    “For example, brown rice (eg, a grain) is low in lysine but high in methionine, whereas pea (eg, a pulse) is low in methionine and high in lysine [7,77].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [7] van der Heijden I. Monteyne A.J. Stephens F.B. Wall B.T. Alternative dietary protein sources to support healthy and active skeletal muscle aging Nutr. Rev. 81 2 2023 206 230 10.1093/nutrit/nuac049 35960188 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [77] Wall B.T. Burd N.A. Franssen R. Gorissen S.H. Snijders T. Senden J.M. Presleep protein ingestion does not compromise the muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingested the following morning Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 311 6 2016 E964 E973 10.1152/ajpendo.00325.2016 27780822 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Selection of protein sources for the vegan athlete likely requires more consideration and planning than for the omnivorous athlete, with supplemental isolates, concentrates, or hydrolysates being more attractive.

    “As with protein amount, selection of protein sources for the vegan athlete likely offers the pragmatic challenge (with supplemental isolates, concentrates, or hydrolysates more attractive) of requiring more consideration and planning than for the omnivorous athlete.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The plentiful carbohydrate intake of a vegan athlete may make 'train low' (low carbohydrate availability training) more challenging.

    “A final consideration would be the potential for the plentiful carbohydrate intake of a vegan athlete to make ‘train low’ (ie, low carbohydrate availability training), in an effort to drive adaptation, more challenging.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Evidence to date shows no benefit of fortifying non-animal-derived protein sources with leucine or branch chain amino acids, suggesting that other amino acids may be limiting to the MPS response.

    “However, evidence to date shows no benefit of fortifying non–animal-derived protein sources with leucine [100] or branch chain amino acids [101], suggesting that other amino acids may be limiting to the MPS response.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [100] Churchward-Venne T.A. Pinckaers P.J.M. Smeets J.S.J. Peeters W.M. Zorenc A.H. Schierbeek H. Myofibrillar and mitochondrial protein synthesis rates do not differ in young men following the ingestion of carbohydrate with whey, soy, or leucine-enriched soy protein after concurrent resistance-and endurance-type exercise J. Nutr. 149 2 2019 210 220 10.1093/jn/nxy251 30698812 PMC6561602 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [101] Monteyne A.J. Coelho M.O.C. Porter C. Abdelrahman D.R. Jameson T.S.O. Finnigan T.J.A. Branched-chain amino acid fortification does not restore muscle protein synthesis rates following ingestion of lower-compared with higher-dose mycoprotein J. Nutr. 150 11 2020 2931 2941 10.1093/jn/nxaa251 32886108 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Plant proteins are often low in leucine, and additional leucine might potentiate their postprandial anabolic response.

    “Plant proteins are often low in leucine [80], and it is thought that additional leucine might potentiate their postprandial anabolic response.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [80] Gorissen S.H.M. Crombag J.J.R. Senden J.M.G. Waterval W.A.H. Bierau J. Verdijk L.B. Protein content and amino acid composition of commercially available plant-based protein isolates Amino Acids 50 12 2018 1685 1695 10.1007/s00726-018-2640-5 30167963 PMC6245118 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Overall, current data suggests that n-3 supplementation does not translate to any benefit to the athlete, though an exception may be during injury.

    “Overall, the current data suggests that n-3 supplementation does not translate to any benefit to the athlete, though an exception may be during injury.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    It seems logical that vegans may experience a decrement in performance or hypertrophy due to lower creatine concentrations, and may wish to consider supplementing with creatine.

    “However, given that creatine supplementation can have profound effects on parameters of adaptation and performance, it seems logical that vegans may experience a decrement in this regard, and may wish to consider supplementing with creatine”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The smaller increase in carnitine content (13% compared with 21%) is likely attributable to the shorter supplementation period and/or lower dose.

    “This is perhaps explained by the fact that Novakova et al. saw a smaller increase in carnitine content (13% compared with 21%), which is likely attributable to the shorter supplementation period and/or lower dose.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Taken together, current evidence suggests that vegans consume lower amounts of dietary fat, but higher amounts are not necessary, as normal vegan intakes are unlikely to limit energy availability during exercise or, therefore, performance, adaptation, or recovery.

    “Taken together, current evidence suggests that vegans consume lower amounts of dietary fat, but higher amounts are not necessary, as normal vegan intakes are unlikely to limit energy availability during exercise or, therefore, performance, adaptation, or recovery.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The ability of carnitine supplementation to augment performance makes it a worthwhile consideration for the vegan athlete.

    “Irrespective of the lack of clarity over deficiency in vegans, the ability of carnitine supplementation to augment performance makes it a worthwhile consideration for the vegan athlete.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Although specific fats, such as n-3 PUFAs, are consumed in lower quantities with associated impacts on related biomarkers in vegans, concrete human evidence as to any detriment of this on performance, recovery or adaptation is currently lacking.

    “Although specific fats, such as n-3 PUFAs, are consumed in lower quantities with associated impacts on related biomarkers in vegans, concrete human evidence as to any detriment of this on performance, recovery or adaptation is currently lacking.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Creatine is clearly a supplement worth considering for vegan athletes who compete and train at high exercise intensities and/or are looking to maximize hypertrophic/strength adaptation.

    “Creatine is clearly a supplement worth considering for vegan athletes who compete and train at high exercise intensities and/or are looking to maximize hypertrophic/strength adaptation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Targeted/periodized supplementation to increase muscle carnitine for specific events or time periods is preferred to constant supplementation.

    “Therefore, targeted/periodized supplementation to increase muscle carnitine for specific events (or time periods) is preferred to constant supplementation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Exercise-induced inflammation has been associated with increased hepcidin concentrations, which may result in decreased iron absorption and availability.

    “Moreover, exercise-induced inflammation has been associated with increased hepcidin concentrations, which may result in decreased iron absorption and availability [252].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [252] Domínguez R. Sánchez-Oliver A.J. Mata-Ordoñez F. Feria-Madueño A. Grimaldi-Puyana M. López-Samanes Á. Effects of an acute exercise bout on serum hepcidin levels Nutrients 10 2 2018 10.3390/nu10020209 PMC5852785 29443922 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Current data suggest that vegan athletes are at increased risk of vitamin B12 deficiency, and this can be prevented by cobalamin supplementation.

    “Current data therefore suggest that vegan athletes are at increased risk of vitamin B12 deficiency, and this can be prevented by cobalamin supplementation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The current RDA for iron is 8 mg/d for males and 18 mg/d for females, with the higher female recommendation necessary to compensate for iron losses associated with menses and lower hepcidin concentrations.

    “The current RDA for iron, both for the general and athletic population, is 8 mg/d for males and 18 mg/d for females [244], with the higher female recommendations necessary to compensate for iron losses associated with menses [245] and lower hepcidin concentrations [246].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [244] Food, I.o.M. Nutrition Board Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc 2001 National Academy of Medicine 25057538

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [245] McClung J.P. Iron status and the female athlete J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 26 2-3 2012 124 126 22572041 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [246] Galesloot T.E. Vermeulen S.H. Geurts-Moespot A.J. Klaver S.M. Kroot J.J. van Tienoven D. Serum hepcidin: reference ranges and biochemical correlates in the general population Blood 117 25 2011 e218 e225 21527524 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The direct impact of vitamin B12 deficiency on aspects of performance and adaptation is not clear, and no data show higher doses to be ergogenic.

    “However, the direct impact of deficiency on aspects of performance and adaptation are not clear, nor do any data show high(er) doses to be ergogenic.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Iron homeostasis is primarily regulated by hepcidin, a circulating peptide hormone secreted by the liver.

    “Iron homeostasis is primarily regulated by hepcidin, a circulating peptide hormone secreted by the liver [241].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [241] Nemeth E. Ganz T. The role of hepcidin in iron metabolism Acta Haematol 122 2-3 2009 78 86 19907144 PMC2855274 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Large sporting governing bodies recommend vegan/vegetarian athletes supplement with vitamin B12 or consume vitamin B12 fortified foods to prevent cobalamin deficiency.

    “large sporting governing bodies (the International Olympic Committee, American College of Sports Medicine and International Society of Sports Nutrition) recommend vegan/vegetarian athletes to supplement with vitamin B12 or to consume vitamin B12 fortified foods (eg, fortified cereal or soy milk) to prevent cobalamin deficiency [20,238,239]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [20] Burke L.M. Hawley J.A. Wong S.H. Jeukendrup A.E. Carbohydrates for training and competition J. Sports Sci. 29 Suppl. 1 2011 10.1080/02640414.2011.585473 S17–S27 21660838

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [238] Maughan R.J. Burke L.M. Dvorak J. Larson-Meyer D.E. Peeling P. Phillips S.M. IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 28 2 2018 104 125 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0020 29589768 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [239] Kerksick C.M. Wilborn C.D. Roberts M.D. Smith-Ryan A. Kleiner S.M. Jäger R. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 15 1 2018 38 10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y 30068354 PMC6090881 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Bioavailable vitamin B12 is stored in mammalian tissue and is almost exclusively available for human food intake in milk, dairy, eggs, and meat.

    “Bioavailable vitamin B12 is stored in mammalian tissue and is subsequently almost exclusively available for human food intake in milk, dairy, eggs, and meat”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [233] Watanabe F. Vitamin B12 sources and bioavailability Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood). 232 10 2007 1266 1274 10.3181/0703-mr-67 17959839 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The disparity in vitamin B12 status between athletes and the general population likely reflects higher overall energy intakes and the propensity for cobalamin supplementation in athletes.

    “The disparity to the general population likely reflects higher overall energy intakes and the propensity for cobalamin supplementation in athletes”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [236] Nebl J. Schuchardt J.P. Ströhle A. Wasserfurth P. Haufe S. Eigendorf J. Micronutrient status of recreational runners with vegetarian or non-vegetarian dietary patterns Nutrients 11 5 2019 1146 10.3390/nu11051146 31121930 PMC6566694 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Despite the low efficiency of cobalamin supplements, a significant positive association between supplementation and vitamin B12 status has been reported.

    “Despite the low efficiency of cobalamin supplements [229,230], a significant positive association between supplementation and vitamin B12 status has been reported, indicating this as a viable strategy to offset low natural intakes [237].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [237] Damayanti D. Jaceldo-Siegl K. Beeson W.L. Fraser G. Oda K. Haddad E.H. Foods and and supplements associated with vitamin B12 biomarkers among vegetarian and non-vegetarian participants of the adventist health Study-2 (AHS-2) calibration study Nutrients 10 6 2018 722 10.3390/nu10060722 29867046 PMC6024521 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Iron deficiency in athletes is caused by a combination of inadequate dietary iron intake from vegetarian or low energy diets, menstrual blood loss, or exercise-induced iron loss via sweating, hemolysis, and gastrointestinal bleeding.

    “Iron deficiency in athletes is caused by a combination of inadequate dietary iron intake from vegetarian or low energy diets, menstrual blood loss, or exercise-induced iron loss via sweating, hemolysis, and gastrointestinal bleeding [240,251].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [240] Suedekum N.A. Dimeff R.J. Iron and the athlete Curr. Sports Med. Rep. 4 4 2005 199 202 16004828 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [251] Peeling P. Dawson B. Goodman C. Landers G. Trinder D. Athletic induced iron deficiency: new insights into the role of inflammation, cytokines and hormones Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 103 4 2008 381 391 10.1007/s00421-008-0726-6 18365240 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the EPIC-Oxford cohort, 52% of vegans were vitamin B12 deficient (serum vitamin B12 < 118 pmol/L) and an additional 21% had low but not deficient serum vitamin B12 (118-150 pmol/L).

    “The EPIC-Oxford cohort study showed that 52% of vegans were vitamin B12 deficient (serum vitamin B12 < 118 pmol/L), and an additional 21% had low (but not deficient) serum vitamin B12 (118–150 pmol/L) [29]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29] Gilsing A.M. Crowe F.L. Lloyd-Wright Z. Sanders T.A. Appleby P.N. Allen N.E. Serum concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate in British male omnivores, vegetarians and vegans: results from a cross-sectional analysis of the EPIC-Oxford cohort study Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 64 9 2010 933 939 10.1038/ejcn.2010.142 20648045 PMC2933506 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The RDA for vitamin B12 is 2.4 μg/d for both male and female adults.

    “The RDA for vitamin B12 is currently set at 2.4 μg/d for both male and female adults [11].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Institute of Medicine standing committee on the scientific evaluation of dietary reference, I. O.B.V. its Panel on Folate, and choline, The National Academies Collection: reports funded by National Institutes of Health Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline 1998 National Academies Press Washington, DC 1998 23193625

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Given that increasing muscle carnosine content can improve exercise performance, it is plausible that reduced muscle carnosine content can impair performance.

    “However, given that increasing muscle carnosine content can improve exercise performance [216], it is plausible that reduced muscle carnosine content can impair performance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [216] Saunders B. Elliott-Sale K. Artioli G.G. Swinton P.A. Dolan E. Roschel H. β-alanine supplementation to improve exercise capacity and performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis Br. J. Sports Med. 51 8 2017 658 669 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096396 27797728 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Naturally occurring bioactive forms of vitamin B12 are not found in plant foods, though some algae and fungi species contain small quantities of vitamin B12.

    “Moreover, naturally occurring bioactive forms of vitamin B12 are not found in plant foods (though some algae and fungi species do contain small quantities of vitamin B12 [234]), demonstrating the increased risk of deficiency in vegetarians and vegans”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [234] Watanabe F. Yabuta Y. Bito T. Teng F. Vitamin B(1)(2)-containing plant food sources for vegetarians Nutrients 6 5 2014 1861 1873 10.3390/nu6051861 24803097 PMC4042564 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Serum ferritin concentrations are highly correlated with total body iron stores, and serum ferritin is used as a biomarker to estimate bodily iron stores.

    “As serum ferritin concentrations are highly correlated with total body iron stores, serum ferritin is used as a biomarker to estimate bodily iron stores [242].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [242] Clénin G. Cordes M. Huber A. Schumacher Y.O. Noack P. Scales J. Iron deficiency in sports-definition, influence on performance and therapy Swiss Med. Wkly. 145 2015 w14196 26512429 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Iron is required for the formation of oxygen-carrying proteins (hemoglobin and myoglobin) and mitochondrial enzymes, making it essential for oxygen transport and oxidative energy production.

    “Iron is required for the formation of the oxygen-carrying proteins (hemoglobin and myoglobin) and mitochondrial enzymes, making it an essential component of oxygen transport and oxidative energy production [240].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [240] Suedekum N.A. Dimeff R.J. Iron and the athlete Curr. Sports Med. Rep. 4 4 2005 199 202 16004828 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Low iron status is primarily characterized by tiredness, weakness, and shortness of breath and has been associated with decreased endurance performance in a linear fashion.

    “Low iron status is primarily characterized by tiredness, weakness, and shortness of breath [253] and has been associated with decreased endurance performance in a linear fashion”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [253] Nielsen P. Nachtigall D. Iron supplementation in athletes Current recommendations, Sports Med. 26 4 1998 207 216 10.2165/00007256-199826040-00001 9820921

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [254] Burden R.J. Morton K. Richards T. Whyte G.P. Pedlar C.R. Is iron treatment beneficial in, iron-deficient but non-anaemic (IDNA) endurance athletes? A systematic review and meta-analysis Br. J. Sports Med. 49 21 2015 1389 1397 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093624 25361786 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [255] Hinton P.S. Iron and the endurance athlete Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 39 9 2014 1012 1018 10.1139/apnm-2014-0147 25017111 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Iron deficiency is commonly observed in athletes, especially among endurance and female athletes, where the prevalence of iron depletion is up to 50%.

    “Iron deficiency is commonly observed in athletes, especially among endurance and female athletes, where the prevalence of iron depletion is up to 50%”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [247] Pate R.R. Miller B.J. Davis J.M. Slentz C.A. Klingshirn L.A. Iron status of female runners Int. J. Sport Nutr. 3 2 1993 222 231 10.1123/ijsn.3.2.222 8508198 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [248] Spodaryk K. Czekaj J. Sowa W. Relationship among reduced level of stored iron and dietary iron in trained women Physiol. Res. 45 5 1996 393 397 9085367

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [249] Dellavalle D.M. Haas J.D. Iron status is associated with endurance performance and training in female rowers Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 44 8 2012 1552 1559 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182517ceb 22382172 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Vitamin B12 is essential for normal brain and nervous system functioning, DNA synthesis, and homocysteine metabolism, and has indirect links to energy metabolism.

    “Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a water-soluble vitamin essential for normal brain and nervous system functioning, DNA synthesis, and homocysteine metabolism and has indirect links to energy metabolism”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [229] Paul C. Brady D.M. Comparative bioavailability and utilization of particular forms of B12 supplements with potential to mitigate B12-related genetic polymorphisms Integr. Med. (Encinitas). 16 1 2017 42 49 PMC5312744 28223907

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [230] Andrès E. Dali-Youcef N. Vogel T. Serraj K. Zimmer J. Oral cobalamin (vitamin B(12)) treatment. An update Int. J. Lab. Hematol. 31 1 2009 1 8 10.1111/j.1751-553x.2008.01115.x 19032377 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [231] Herrmann W. Obeid R. Cobalamin deficiency Water Soluble Vitamins 2012 301 322

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Upper limits for calcium have been set at 2500 mg/d for adults aged 19 to 50 y and 2000 mg/d for adults aged >50 y.

    “Therefore, upper limits have been set at 2500 mg/d for adults aged 19 to 50 y and 2000 mg/d for adults aged >50 y [267].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [267] Del Valle H.B. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. USA 2011 National Academies Press 21796828

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cutaneously produced vitamin D accounts for approximately 80% of total vitamin D supply but can vary based on time of day, season, latitude, skin pigmentation, and age.

    “Cutaneously produced vitamin D accounts for approximately 80% of total vitamin D supply [282] but can vary based on a number of aspects including the time of day, season of the year, latitude, skin pigmentation, and age [283,284].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [282] Pilz S. Zittermann A. Trummer C. Theiler-Schwetz V. Lerchbaum E. Keppel M.H. Vitamin D testing and treatment: a narrative review of current evidence Endocr. Connect. 8 2 2019 R27 R43 10.1530/EC-18-0432 30650061 PMC6365669 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [283] Chung M. Vitamin D and calcium: a systematic review of health outcomes Evid rep Technol assess (full rep). 183 183 2009 1 420 PMC4781105 20629479

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [284] Owens D.J. Allison R. Close G.L. Vitamin D and the athlete: current perspectives and new challenges Sports Med 48 Suppl. 1 2018 3 16 10.1007/s40279-017-0841-9 29368183 PMC5790847 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The primary dietary source of calcium is dairy, which accounts for approximately 70% of total calcium intake.

    “The primary dietary source of calcium is dairy, which accounts for approximately 70% of total calcium intake [267].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [267] Del Valle H.B. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. USA 2011 National Academies Press 21796828

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Seasonal fluctuations in vitamin D status have been observed in athletes, as well as differences between indoor and outdoor sport athletes.

    “This can be particularly relevant to athletes where seasonal fluctuations in vitamin D status have been observed [285] as well as differences between indoor and outdoor sport athletes [286].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [285] Aydın C.G. Dinçel Y.M. Arıkan Y. Taş S.K. Deniz S. The effects of indoor and outdoor sports participation and seasonal changes on vitamin D levels in athletes S.A.G.E. Open Med. 7 2019 2050312119837480 10.1177/2050312119837480 PMC6415475 30886717

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [286] Maruyama-Nagao A. Sakuraba K. Suzuki Y. Seasonal variations in vitamin D status in indoor and outdoor female athletes Biomed. Rep. 5 1 2016 113 117 10.3892/br.2016.671 27347414 PMC4906578 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Vitamin D exists as two biologically active isoforms, vitamin D2 and vitamin D3, which differ in side-chain structure but behave identically with respect to metabolic function.

    “Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin and exists as 2 biologically active isoforms: vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). The 2 forms differ in side-chain structure but behave identically with respect to metabolic function [267].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [267] Del Valle H.B. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. USA 2011 National Academies Press 21796828

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dietary-derived vitamin D2 is typically found in plants, mushrooms, and yeast, whereas vitamin D3 is contained in animal-based foods such as meat, fatty fish, cheese, and egg yolk.

    “Dietary-derived vitamin D2 is typically found in plants, mushrooms, and yeast, whereas vitamin D3 is contained in animal-based foods such as meat, fatty fish, cheese, and egg yolk [281].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [281] Roseland J.M. Vitamin D in foods: an evolution of knowledge Vitamin D, 41–77 2018 Elsevier Amsterdam

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The RDA for vitamin D for people aged 1 to 70 y is 15 μg (600 IU) in the United States and 10 μg (400 IU) in the United Kingdom.

    “Regarding dietary vitamin D intake, the RDA for people aged 1 to 70 y is 15 μg (600 IU) in the United States and 10 μg (400 IU) in the United Kingdom [267,290].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [267] Del Valle H.B. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. USA 2011 National Academies Press 21796828

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [290] SACN V.D. Health report 2016 Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Iron supplements typically contain ferrous salts, which are more bioavailable than dietary iron, with a possible drawback of increased likelihood for gastrointestinal disturbances.

    “Supplements have the added advantage that they typically contain ferrous salts, which are more bioavailable than dietary iron [262], with a possible drawback of increased likelihood for gastrointestinal disturbances [263].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [262] Saunders A.V. Craig W.J. Baines S.K. Posen J.S. Iron and vegetarian diets Med. J. Aust. 199 S4 2013 S11 S16 10.5694/mja11.11494 Suppl.4 25369923

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    • cites [263] Tolkien Z. Stecher L. Mander A.P. Pereira D.I. Powell J.J. Ferrous sulfate supplementation causes significant gastrointestinal side-effects in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis PLOS ONE 10 2 2015 e0117383 10.1371/journal.pone.0117383 PMC4336293 25700159 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Only about 30% of dietary calcium is absorbed in healthy adults, and calcium-binding food components such as phytic acid, oxalic acid, and cellulose found in plant and whole-grain products lower calcium absorption further.

    “Though individual foods differ, only ∼30% of dietary calcium is absorbed in healthy adults [267,268], and calcium-binding food components such as phytic acid, oxalic acid, and cellulose found in plant and whole-grain products lower calcium absorption further”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [267] Del Valle H.B. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. USA 2011 National Academies Press 21796828

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [268] Peacock M. Calcium metabolism in health and disease Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 5 Suppl. 1 2010 S23 S30 10.2215/CJN.05910809 20089499 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Estimates indicate that 20% to 80% of US, Canadian, and European adults have serum 25(OH)D levels below 50 nmol/L.

    “but estimates indicate that 20% to 80% of US, Canadian, and European adults have serum 25(OH)D levels below this [289]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [289] Hossein-nezhad A. Holick M.F. Vitamin D for health: a global perspective Mayo Clin. Proc. 88 7 2013 720 755 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011 23790560 PMC3761874 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Although total iron is unlikely to be an issue in vegan athletes, their risk of iron deficiency is increased due to the lack of bioavailable heme iron in the diet.

    “Therefore, although total iron is unlikely to be an issue in vegan athletes, their risk of deficiency is increased due to the lack of (bioavailable) heme iron in the diet.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The acute decline in plasma calcium concentrations following a single bout of exercise appears transient, given prolonged periods of training do not modulate plasma calcium levels.

    “Despite an acute decline in plasma calcium concentrations following a single bout of exercise [[272], [273], [274]], this appears transient given prolonged periods of training do not modulate plasma calcium levels [[275], [276], [277]]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [272] Bouassida A. Zalleg D. Zaouali Ajina M. Gharbi N. Duclos M. Richalet J.P. Parathyroid hormone concentrations during and after two periods of high intensity exercise with and without an intervening recovery period Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 88 4-5 2003 339 344 10.1007/s00421-002-0721-2 12527961 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [275] Maïmoun L. Galy O. Manetta J. Coste O. Peruchon E. Micallef J.P. Competitive season of triathlon does not alter bone metabolism and bone mineral status in male triathletes Int. J. Sports Med. 25 3 2004 230 234 10.1055/s-2003-45257 15088249 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [276] Jürimäe J. Purge P. Jürimäe T. von Duvillard S.P. Bone metabolism in elite male rowers: adaptation to volume-extended training Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 97 1 2006 127 132 10.1007/s00421-006-0158-0 16583234 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Female vegan athletes warrant specific attention due to the female athlete triad, a complex disorder that develops from a dysfunctional interrelation between menstrual dysfunction, low energy availability, and decreased bone mineral density.

    “However, specific attention should be paid to female (vegan) athletes due to the phenomenon of the female athlete triad, a complex disorder that develops as a consequence of a dysfunctional interrelation between menstrual dysfunction, low energy availability, and decreased bone mineral density, that can have serious health implications [278,279].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [278] Yeager K.K. Agostini R. Nattiv A. Drinkwater B. The female athlete triad: disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 25 7 1993 775 777 10.1249/00005768-199307000-00003 8350697 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [279] De Souza M.J. Nattiv A. Joy E. Misra M. Williams N.I. Mallinson R.J. Female athlete triad coalition consensus statement on treatment and return to play of the female athlete triad Br. J. Sports Med.: 1st International Conference held in San Francisco, California, May 2012 and 2nd International Conference held in Indianapolis, Indiana 48 4 May 2013 289 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093218 2014 24463911 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Vitamin D is obtained from dietary sources (both D2 and D3) and synthesized in the skin (D3 only) from 7-dehydrocholesterol following exposure to sunlight.

    “Vitamin D is obtained from dietary sources (both D2 and D3) and synthesized in the skin (D3 only) from 7-dehydrocholesterol following exposure to sunlight [281].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [281] Roseland J.M. Vitamin D in foods: an evolution of knowledge Vitamin D, 41–77 2018 Elsevier Amsterdam

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Increased calcium intakes of up to 1500 mg/d have been proposed in amenorrhoeic athletes.

    “Consequently, increased calcium intakes of up to 1500 mg/d have been proposed in amenorrhoeic athletes [280].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [280] Medicine C.o.S. Fitness, Medical concerns in the female athlete Pediatrics 106 3 2000 610 613 10969112 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The current RDA for calcium intake in healthy adults aged 19 to 50 y is 1000 mg/d in the United States and 700 mg/d in the United Kingdom.

    “The current RDA for calcium intake in healthy adults aged 19 to 50 y is 1000 mg/d in the United States and 700 mg/d in the United Kingdom [267,269].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [267] Del Valle H.B. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. USA 2011 National Academies Press 21796828

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [269] Theobald H.E. Dietary calcium and health Nutr. Bull. 30 3 2005 237 277 10.1111/j.1467-3010.2005.00514.x source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Most ingested vitamin D in modern Western diets is consumed within fortified foods.

    “Dietary sources are naturally relatively low; in fact, most ingested vitamin D in modern (Western) diets is actually consumed within fortified foods.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [267] Del Valle H.B. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. USA 2011 National Academies Press 21796828

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Calcium plays a key role in bone formation and bone health; more than 99% of total body calcium is stored in bones and teeth, and the remaining calcium is involved in muscular, cardiovascular, endocrine, and nervous system function.

    “Calcium is a mineral that plays a key role in bone formation and, therefore, bone health. More than 99% of total body calcium is stored in bones and teeth. The remaining calcium is stored in muscle, the bloodstream, and in extracellular fluid where it is involved in the functioning of the muscular, cardiovascular, endocrine, and nervous system [266].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [266] Straub D.A. Calcium supplementation in clinical practice: a review of forms, doses, and indications Nutr. Clin. Pract. 22 3 2007 286 296 10.1177/0115426507022003286 17507729 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Although there are no data to suggest an athletic benefit to adopting a vegan diet, one can follow a vegan diet without impairing performance or adaptation.

    “Although there are no data to suggest an athletic benefit to adopting a vegan diet, it would also appear that one can follow a vegan diet without impairing performance or adaptation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Collectively, data suggest that vitamin D status is a concern for athletes, and likely more so in those adhering to vegan diets.

    “Collectively, therefore, data suggest vitamin D status is a concern for athletes, and likely more so in those adhering to vegan diets.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Although serum 25(OH)D levels >185 nmol/L are generally considered toxic, a supplemental vitamin D intake of up to 70,000 IU/wk in athletes is considered safe.

    “Although serum 25(OH)D levels >185 nmol/L are generally considered toxic, a supplemental vitamin D intake of up to 70,000 IU/wk in athletes is considered safe [300].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [300] Owens D.J. Tang J.C. Bradley W.J. Sparks A.S. Fraser W.D. Morton J.P. Efficacy of high-dose vitamin D supplements for elite athletes Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 49 2 2017 349 356 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001105 27741217 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Consequences of prolonged stark vitamin D deficiency (serum 25(OH)D <30 nmol/L) can result in inadequate bone mineralization and osteomalacia.

    “Consequences of (prolonged) stark vitamin D deficiency (serum 25(OH)D <30 nmol/L) can result in inadequate bone mineralization [293] and osteomalacia (a disorder in which bones are softened).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [293] Bischoff-Ferrari H.A. Giovannucci E. Willett W.C. Dietrich T. Dawson-Hughes B. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84 1 2006 18 28 10.1093/ajcn/84.1.18 16825677 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Anecdotal reports of elite vegan athletes are likely underpinned by careful planning and application beyond what is required from an omnivorous diet.

    “However, such anecdotal reports are likely underpinned by careful planning and application beyond what is required from an omnivorous diet (Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A meta-analysis across 23 studies with 2312 athletes revealed that more than 50% had low serum 25(OH)D concentrations (≤50 nmol/L), although dietary habits were not discerned.

    “When athlete populations are considered, a meta-analysis across 23 studies with 2312 athletes revealed that more than 50% had low serum 25(OH)D concentrations (ie, ≤50 nmol/L) [292], although dietary habits were not discerned.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [292] Farrokhyar F. Tabasinejad R. Dao D. Peterson D. Ayeni O.R. Hadioonzadeh R. Prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy in athletes: a systematic-review and meta-analysis Sports Med 45 3 2015 365 378 10.1007/s40279-014-0267-6 25277808 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Overall energy intake does not appear to be majorly compromised with a vegan diet, but there is a shift in macronutrient composition.

    “Overall energy intake does not appear to be (majorly) compromised with a vegan diet; however, there is a shift in macronutrient composition.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In vitamin D deficient athletes, oral supplementation restores serum 25(OH)D concentrations and consequently improves various aspects of muscle performance.

    “In vitamin D deficient athletes, oral supplementation restores serum 25(OH)D concentrations [294,295] and, consequently, improves various aspects of muscle performance [296].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [294] Farrokhyar F. Sivakumar G. Savage K. Koziarz A. Jamshidi S. Ayeni O.R. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and physical performance in athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Sports Med 47 11 2017 2323 2339 10.1007/s40279-017-0749-4 28577257 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [295] Han Q. Li X. Tan Q. Shao J. Yi M. Effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on serum 25(OH)D concentration and strength in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 16 1 2019 55 10.1186/s12970-019-0323-6 31771586 PMC6878631 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [296] von Hurst P.R. Beck K.L. Vitamin D and skeletal muscle function in athletes Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care. 17 6 2014 539 545 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000105 25137505

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    As more elite performers adopt and publicize the vegan diet, it is likely that the popularity of the vegan diet will also grow among athletes.

    “As more elite performers continue to adopt and publicize the vegan diet, it is likely that the popularity of the vegan diet will also grow among athletes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The prevalence of the vegan diet is increasing in the general population, especially in Western cultures.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Although total carbohydrate and fat intake are not of concern, the athlete may lose some flexibility to manipulate macronutrient intake, such as a low carbohydrate diet, due to the high carbohydrate nature of plant-based sources.

    “Although total carbohydrate and fat intake are not of concern, the athlete may lose some flexibility to manipulate macronutrient intake (ie, low carbohydrate diet) due to the high carbohydrate nature of plant-based sources.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    More consideration will need to be given to both the quantity and quality of protein ingested, as below a certain currently undetermined threshold, both acute muscle protein turnover and chronic adaptation may be impaired with non-animal-derived sources or diets.

    “More consideration will need to be given to both the quantity and quality of the protein ingested, as it appears that below a certain (currently undetermined) threshold, both acute muscle protein turnover and chronic adaptation may be impaired with non–animal-derived sources/diets.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The vegan diet is low or devoid of ergogenic compounds such as creatine, carnitine, and carnosine, which is reflected in lower plasma and muscle concentrations.

    “The vegan diet is low or devoid of ergogenic compounds such as creatine, carnitine, and carnosine, which is also reflected in lower plasma and muscle concentrations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Emerging data suggest that vitamin D supplementation aimed at achieving serum concentrations above the reference value may augment increases in skeletal muscle mass, function, decrease recovery time from exercise, and increase both power and force production in older adults.

    “In addition to restoring deficient levels, data are also emerging to suggest that vitamin D supplementation aimed at achieving serum concentrations above the reference value may augment increases in skeletal muscle mass, function, decrease recovery time from exercise, and increase both power and force production in older adults [284,297,298].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [284] Owens D.J. Allison R. Close G.L. Vitamin D and the athlete: current perspectives and new challenges Sports Med 48 Suppl. 1 2018 3 16 10.1007/s40279-017-0841-9 29368183 PMC5790847 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [297] Halfon M. Phan O. Teta D. Vitamin D: a review on its effects on muscle strength, the risk of fall, and frailty BioMed Res. Int. 2015 2015 953241 10.1155/2015/953241 953241 26000306 PMC4427016 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [298] Dahlquist D.T. Dieter B.P. Koehle M.S. Plausible ergogenic effects of vitamin D on athletic performance and recovery J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 12 2015 33 10.1186/s12970-015-0093-8 26288575 PMC4539891 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Although meeting higher protein demands is achievable with a vegan diet, sufficient attention will need to be paid to ensure the athlete is consuming enough high-quality protein.

    “Although meeting higher protein demands is achievable with a vegan diet, sufficient attention will need to be paid to ensure the athlete is consuming enough high-quality protein in the diet.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
105 of 105

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Veganism in sport will follow a similar trend to that of the general population.

    “The prevalence of veganism in athlete populations is yet to be adequately quantified; however, it is reasonable to assume that veganism in sport will follow a similar trend to that of the general population.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The dietary intake differences between vegans and omnivores in the general population hold true in athletic populations following a vegan diet without guidance.

    “Due to the lack of such dietary data collected in athletes, it is necessary for some speculation that these differences hold true in athletic populations following a vegan diet without guidance.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Plant-based protein sources typically contain a much lower proportion of protein than animal-based sources.

    “In contrast, plant-based protein sources typically contain a much lower proportion of protein.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    β-alanine is rate limiting to carnosine synthesis in vivo.

    “Therefore, working on the assumption that beta-alanine is rate limiting to carnosine synthesis in vivo, studies have investigated whether β-alanine supplementation is capable of increasing muscle carnosine content and, as a result, improving (high intensity) exercise performance.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    β-alanine is exclusively found in meat and fish and is completely absent from the vegan/vegetarian diet.

    “β-alanine is exclusively found in meat and fish and is therefore completely absent from the vegan/vegetarian diet.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Data documenting the dietary intake of vegans, primarily in the general population, can be used to make inferences about how shifts in energy and nutrient intake are likely to impact athletes.

    “Therefore, we must rely upon data documenting the dietary intake of vegans (primarily in the general population) to make inferences about how any shifts in energy/nutrient intake are likely to impact the athlete.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The prevalence of the vegan diet is increasing in the general population, especially in Western cultures.

    “There is a continued trend for an increase in the prevalence of the vegan diet in the general population, especially in Western cultures.”
7 of 7

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Plant-based proteins such as soy, rice, and pea protein are effective but generally require higher doses (25-40 g) to match the leucine threshold necessary for robust MPS stimulation owing to lower essential amino acid content.

    “Plant-based proteins such as soy, rice, and pea protein, while effective [82], generally require higher doses (25–40 g) to match the leucine threshold necessary for robust MPS stimulation owing to lower essential amino acid content [53, 74, 83].”

    From Nutritional Strategies to Improve Post-exercise Recovery and Subsequent Exercise Performance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [74]

    The Macronutrients > Protein section says some nonanimal proteins may need a higher dose and that differences from animal proteins are often absent at about 30 g. It also notes lower essential amino acid and leucine content. But it does not establish a general 25–40 g requirement for soy, rice, and pea protein or show that this range meets a defined leucine threshold; it says source-specific doses need further research. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Conflicting increases attributed to Novakova et al.

    Minor

    The same discussion first reports an 11% increase in vegetarian muscle carnitine stores under Novakova et al.'s protocol, then describes Novakova et al.'s increase as 13%.

  • Vegan diet definition conflicts over honey

    Minor

    Table 1 says a vegan diet may include honey, whereas the subsequent definition says following a vegan diet involves eliminating honey.

  • Cited study does not match the described soy-whey comparison

    Minor

    The text attributes a soy-versus-whey protein synthesis comparison to reference 53, but the paper's reference 53 describes milk protein, whey, and micellar casein-not soy.

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

26 of the 320 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Hargreaves, 1999, Metabolic responses to carbohydrate ingestion: effects on exercise performance, perspectives in sports medicine and exercise science, Nutrients, 12, 93
  2. Brunzel, 2003, Renal function: nonprotein nitrogen compounds, function tests, and renal disease, Clin. Chem., 373
  3. Greenhaff, 1996, Dietary creatine supplementation and fatigue during high-intensity exercise in humans, Biochemistry of Exercise, 9, 219
  4. Rawson, 2003, Effects of creatine supplementation and resistance training on muscle strength and weightlifting performance, J. Strength Cond. Res., 17, 822

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
West, S., Monteyne, A. J., van der Heijden, I., Stephens, F. B., & Wall, B. T.
Affiliations
University of Exeter (GB)
Corresponding author
Wall, Benjamin T.
ORCID
Venue
Advances in Nutrition
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2023-07
Volume
14
Issue
4
Pages
774-795
ISSN
  • 2156-5376 (ISSN-L)
  • 2161-8313
DOI
10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.012
PMC
PMC10334161
OpenAlex
W4367397401
Semantic Scholar
6306954d1422814f9f86c68ca666d02497014694
Cited by
42
References
320
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 4
FWCI
1.36
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Advances in Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
Keywords
vegan diet, sports nutrition, athletic performance, recovery, macronutrient intake, micronutrient intake, dietary protein, iron, calcium, vitamin B12, vitamin D, dietary supplements, energy intake
MeSH terms
Vegans, Diet, Vegan, Diet, Humans, Nutritional Status, Dietary Supplements, Athletes

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-08.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-08.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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