Dietary effects of the National School Lunch Program and the School Breakfast Program
Abstract
In this paper we use 24-h dietary recall data to assess the dietary effects of participation in the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and the School Breakfast Program (SBP). After adjustment for differences in characteristics between NSLP participants and nonparticipants, NSLP participation is associated with higher lunch intakes of vitamin A, calcium, and magnesium, and a lower intake of vitamin C. Although mean intakes of other key dietary components such as food energy, iron, cholesterol, and sodium are higher for NSLP participants than for nonparticipants, these differences appear to be due to underlying differences in unobserved characteristics (eg, food preferences, appetites, or food energy needs) rather than to the NSLP. Both at lunch and over 24 h, NSLP participation is associated with consumption of a higher percentage of food energy from fat and saturated fat. SBP participation is associated with higher breakfast intakes of food energy, calcium, riboflavin, phosphorus, and magnesium, and with a higher percentage of breakfast food energy from fat and saturated fat, and a lower percentage of food energy from carbohydrate.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
Alternative methods for evaluating the impact of interventions
Heckman, J. J., & Robb, R. A. (1985) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/ccol0521304539.004 · Cited by 1,121 · see citing works
Alternative methods for evaluating the impact of interventions
Heckman, J. J., & Robb, R. A. (1985) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/0304-4076(85)90139-3 · Cited by 1,025 · see citing works
Devaney, B., Gordon, A., & Burghardt, J. (1995) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/61.1.205s · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rampersaud, G. C., Pereira, M. A., Girard, B. L., Adams, J., & Metzl, J. D. (2005) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2005.02.007 · Cited by 1,333 · see citing works
Eating Patterns, Dietary Quality and Obesity
Nicklas, T. A., Baranowski, T., Cullen, K. W., & Berenson, G. S. (2001) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2001.10719064 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
How do children’s eating patterns and food choices change over time? Results from a cohort study
Lytle, L. A., Seifert, S., Greenstein, J., & McGovern, P. (2000) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-14.4.222 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Trends in Energy Intake among US Children by Eating Location and Food Source, 1977-2006
Poti, J. M., & Popkin, B. M. (2011) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2011.05.007 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
School-based nutrition education: lessons learned and new perspectives
Pérez‐Rodrigo, C., & Bartrina, J. A. (2001) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2000108 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
School Meals: Types of Foods Offered to and Consumed by Children at Lunch and Breakfast
Condon, E. M., Crepinsek, M. K., & Fox, M. K. (2009) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2008.10.062 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Bhattacharya, J., Currie, J., & Haider, S. J. (2006) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.xli.3.445 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Clark, M. A., & Fox, M. K. (2009) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2008.10.060 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Wolfenden, L., Nathan, N., Sutherland, R., Yoong, S. L., Hodder, R. K., Wyse, R., Delaney, T. M., Grady, A., Fielding, A., Tzelepis, F., et al. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011677.pub2 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Calcium Intake Trends and Health Consequences from Childhood through Adulthood
Nicklas, T. A. (2003) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2003.10719317 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Gleason, P., & Dodd, A. H. (2009) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2008.10.058 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Cullen, K. W., Eagan, J. M., Baranowski, T., Owens, E. W., & de Moor, C. (2000) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00414-4 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Nicklas, T. A., O’Neil, C. E., & Berenson, G. (1998) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/67.4.757s · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Trends in Breakfast Consumption if US Adults Between 1965 and 1991
Haines, P. S., Guilkey, D. K., & Popkin, B. M. (1996) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(96)00130-7 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Eating at School: How the National School Lunch Program Affects Children's Diets
Gleason, P., & Suitor, C. W. (2003) · American Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/1467-8276.00507 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
FOOD SECURITY AND FOOD ASSISTANCE PROGRAMSPreprint
Barrett, C. B. (2001) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 136 · see citing works
School Nutrition Programs and the Incidence of Childhood Obesity
Millimet, D. L., Tchernis, R., & Husain, M. (2008) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w14297 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Poverty, food programs, and childhood obesity
Hofferth, S. L., & Curtin, S. C. (2005) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.1002/pam.20134 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Briggs, M. M., Safaii, S., & Beall, D. L. (2003) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1053/jada.2003.50100 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Devaney, B., Gordon, A., & Burghardt, J. (1995) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/61.1.205s · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationNord, M., & Romig, K. (2006) · Journal of Children and Poverty · doi:10.1080/10796120600879582 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Meals Offered and Served in US Public Schools: Do They Meet Nutrient Standards?
Crepinsek, M. K., Gordon, A. R., McKinney, P. M., Condon, E. M., & Wilson, A. (2009) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2008.10.061 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationChapter 40 Food security and food assistance programs
Barrett, C. B. (2002) · Handbook of agricultural economics · doi:10.1016/s1574-0072(02)10027-2 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
B, J. G. A. (2001) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226309972.001.0001 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Social Determinants of American Indian Nutritional Health
Warne, D., & Wescott, S. (2019) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/cdn/nzz054 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Nicklas, T. A. (1995) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(95)00305-3 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Cullen, K. W., Watson, K., Zakeri, I., & Ralston, K. (2006) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2005878 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Zullig, K. J., Ubbes, V. A., Pyle, J., & Valois, R. F. (2006) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2006.00074.x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
U.S. Food and Nutrition Programs
Currie, J. L. (2003) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226533575.003.0005 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
(2003) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(03)00163-9 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Factors Related to the Eating Habits of Students in Grades 9–12
Young, E. M., & Fors, S. W. (2001) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2001.tb07285.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Nutrient Intake of Head Start Children: Homevs.School
Bollella, M. C., Spark, A., Boccia, L., Nicklas, T. A., Pittman, B. P., & Williams, C. L. (1999) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.1999.10718837 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Hanson, K. L., & Olson, C. M. (2013) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.112.170548 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
School Nutrition Programs and the Incidence of Childhood Obesity
Millimet, D. L., Tchernis, R., & Husain, M. (2010) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.45.3.640 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study III, Volume II: Student Participation and Dietary IntakesPreprint
Gordon, A. R., Fox, M. K., Clark, M. A., Nogales, R., Condon, E. M., Gleason, P., & Sarin, A. (2007) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationMeyerhoefer, C. D., & Yang, M. (2011) · Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy · doi:10.1093/aepp/ppr023 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Methods to Assess Children's Diets in the School Context
Tugault-Lafleur, C. N., Black, J., & Barr, S. I. (2017) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.116.013144 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Cullen, K. W., & Thompson, D. I. (2005) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2005.09.008 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Gross, S. M., & Cinelli, B. (2004) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2004.02.024 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
El comedor escolar: situación actual y guía de recomendaciones
Bartrina, J. A., Pérez‐Rodrigo, C., Serra, J. D., Hernández, A. G., More, R. L., Mateos, M., Suárez, V. M., Belinchón, P. P., & Cortina, L. S. (2008) · Anales de Pediatría · doi:10.1157/13124224 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Bartrina, J. A., Rodrigo, C. P., Serra‐Majem, L., & Rubio, A. D. (2004) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/s0212-6567(04)79373-7 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Pathways study: a model for lowering the fat in school meals
Snyder, P., Anliker, J. A., Cunningham-Sabo, L. D., Dixon, L. B., Altaha, J., Chamberlain, A., Davis, S. M., Evans, M., Hurley, J., & WEBER, J. L. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.4.810s · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Breakfast of Champions? The School Breakfast Program and the Nutrition of Children and Families
Bhattacharya, J., Currie, J., & Haider, S. J. (2004) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w10608 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Sources of nutrients in students’ diets
Gordon, A., & McKinney, P. M. (1995) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/61.1.232s · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationFederal Food Policy And Childhood Obesity: A Solution Or Part Of The Problem?
Kimbro, R. T., & Rigby, E. (2010) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0731 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Youths at Nutritional Risk: Malnourished or Misnourished?
Bhattacharya, J., & Currie, J. (2000) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w7686 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Does the National School Lunch Program Improve Children's Dietary Outcomes?
Campbell, B. L., Nayga, R. M., Park, J. L., & Silva, A. (2011) · American Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1093/ajae/aar031 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Head Start Participation and Childhood ObesityPreprint
Frisvold, D. (2006) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.887433 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Treatment of obesity in children and adolescents. How nutrition can work?
Moreno, L. A., Ochoa, M. C., Wärnberǵ, J., Martí, A., Martínez, J. A., & Marcos, A. (2008) · International Journal of Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1080/17477160801897158 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Zhang, F., Hu, X., Tian, Z., Zhang, Q., & Ma, G. (2014) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980014001001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Nutrient Intake of Children Eating School Breakfast
Friedman, B. J., & Crixell, S. H. (1999) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(99)00052-8 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Programs, B., Stallings, V. A., & Taylor, C. L. (2020) · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Rajeshwari, R., Nicklas, T. A., Yang, S.-J., & Berenson, G. S. (2004) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2004.10719377 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Time spent by schoolchildren to eat lunch
BERGMAN, E. A., BUERGEL, N. S., JOSEPH, E., & SANCHEZ, A. (2000) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00202-9 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Hernandez, D. C., Francis, L. A., & Doyle, E. A. (2010) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.253 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Anthony, E. K., King, B., & Austin, M. J. (2011) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.05.029 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Walingo, M. K., & Musamali, B. (2008) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2008.04.353 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The ethical basis for promoting nutritional health in public schools in the United States.
Crawford, P. B., Gosliner, W. A., & Kayman, H. (2011) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Maintenance of Effects of the Eat Smart School Food Service Program: Results from the Catch-on Study
Osganian, S. K., Hoelscher, D. M., ZIVE, M. M., Mitchell, P. D., Snyder, P., & Webber, L. S. (2003) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198103253509 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Choosing among Alternative Programs for Poor Children
Currie, J. (1997) · The Future of Children · doi:10.2307/1602390 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
US Food and Nutrition Programs
Currie, J. (2016) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226370507.003.0003 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Belderson, P., Harvey, I. M., Kimbell, R., O'Neill, J., Russell, J., & Barker, M. E. (2003) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20031011 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Federal nutrition programs and childhood obesity: inside the black box
Roy, M., Millimet, D. L., & Tchernis, R. (2011) · Review of Economics of the Household · doi:10.1007/s11150-011-9130-9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Resources for a healthy diet: school meals
Bartrina, J. A., & Pérez‐Rodrigo, C. (2006) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20061705 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Improving Food Environments in Schools: Tracking Progress
Fox, M. K. (2010) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2010.04.014 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Assessing the Nutrient Intakes of Vulnerable SubgroupsPreprint
Devaney, B., Kim, M., Carriquiry, A., & Camaño‐Garcia, G. (2005) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.291984 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Assessment of Physical Activity and Nutrition in Home Schooled Versus Public Schooled Children
Long, D. E., Gaetke, L. M., Perry, S. D., Abel, M. G., & Clasey, J. L. (2010) · Pediatric Exercise Science · doi:10.1123/pes.22.1.44 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Modifying the Recess Before Lunch Program
Tanaka, C., Richards, K. L., Takeuchi, L. S. L., Otani, M., & Maddock, J. (2005) · Californian Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.32398/cjhp.v3i4.1776 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
(2003) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60040-7 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
National School Lunch Program Participation and Child Body Weight
Mirtcheva, D. M., & Powell, L. M. (2012) · Eastern Economic Journal · doi:10.1057/eej.2012.14 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Whole-grain Continuing Education for School Foodservice Personnel: Keeping Kids from Falling Short
Roth‐Yousey, L., Barno, T., Caskey, M., Asche, K., & Reicks, M. M. (2009) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2008.07.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Importancia del desayuno en el rendimiento intelectual y en el estado nutricional de los escolares
Majem, S. (2000) · Cited by 17 · see citing works
School Meal Program Participation and Its Association with Dietary Patterns and Childhood ObesityPreprint
Gleason, P., BRIEFEL, R. R., Wilson, A., & Dodd, A. H. (2009) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.292075 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Vericker, T. C., Gearing, M. E., & Kim, S. D. (2019) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12828 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Bhattacharya, J., & Currie, J. L. (2001) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226309972.003.0011 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Position of the American Dietetic Association
(2000) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00035-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lülfs-Baden, F., & Spiller, A. (2009) · Journal of Foodservice · doi:10.1111/j.1748-0159.2008.00121.x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Effect of Welfare on Child Outcomes: What We Know and What We Need to Know
Currie, J. (1996) · Cited by 13 · see citing works
MODELO DIETETICO DE LOS ADOLESCENTES DE GUIPUZCOA
Lete, A. I., Knörr, J. E., & Anton, A. P. (1999) · Anales de Pediatría · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Baxter, S. D., Hardin, J. W., Royer, J. A., Guinn, C. H., & Smith, A. F. (2008) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.03.013 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Nutrient Contribution Per 100 Kcal and Per Penny for the 5 Meal Components in School Lunch
Shanklin, C. W., & Wie, S. (2001) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(01)00325-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Free school meals and children's social and nutritional status in Trinidad and Tobago
Gulliford, M. C., Mahabir, D., Rocke, B., Chinn, S. H. F., & Rona, R. J. (2002) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2002330 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Chen, T. A., Reitzel, L. R., Obasi, E. M., & Dave, J. M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13103574 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Graves, A. L., Haughton, B., Jahns, L., Fitzhugh, E. C., & Jones, S. J. (2008) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00286.x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Luan, D., Foster, G. D., Fisher, J. O., Weeks, H. M., Polonsky, H. M., Davey, A., Sherman, S., Abel, M. L., & Bauer, K. W. (2021) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2021.12.007 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
School meal program in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam: reality and future plan.
Le, D. S. N. T. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Comparing school lunch and canteen foods consumption of children in Kayseri, Turkey
Ongan, D., İnanç, N., & Çiçek, B. (2014) · Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.12669/pjms.303.4651 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Evolution of Research in Family and Consumer Sciences: Food, Nutrition, and Health
Schlenker, E. D. (2001) · Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal · doi:10.1177/1077727x01302003 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Optimizing Nutritional Health for Children Through School-based Initiatives
Franco, K. (2001) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(01)00211-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Fox, M. K., Clark, M. A., Condon, E. M., & Wilson, A. (2010) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.292079 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Evaluación del programa de intervención dietética (escolares de 3º ESO)
Anton, A. (2002) · Nutrición Hospitalaria · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Compliance With the School Meals Initiative
MARCH, L. M., & GOULD, R. (2001) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(01)00294-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Postmodern Dietetic: Reclaiming the Body Through the Practice of Alimentary Freedom
Lewis, M. T. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72517-8_3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
State-wide School Breakfast Promotion Initiatives and Trends in School Breakfast Participation
Bullock, S. L., Dawson‐McClure, S., Truesdale, K. P., Ward, D. S., Aiello, A. E., & Ammerman, A. S. (2021) · Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition · doi:10.1080/19320248.2021.2015501 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nutrient content of school lunches and packed lunches as consumed by elementary school students
Hamilton, P. C. (2001) · doi:10.33915/etd.1249 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wall-Bassett, E., Kunkel, M. E., Guiste, P. K., Gerard, P. D., Fang, X., & Prevost, J. L. (2012) · Topics in Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1097/tin.0b013e3182542139 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Commentary on who participates in the National School Lunch Program and the School Breakfast Program
Moffitt, R. (1995) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/61.1.250s · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Carson, D. E. (2010) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Italian Public School: A Pilot Study about Disorders Related to Nutrition and their Management
Quattrin, R., Toffolini, L., Turello, D., Calligaris, L., Farneti, F., & Brusaferro, S. (2008) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2008.10719677 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jung, H., Yoon, J., Choi, K. S., & Chung, S. (2009) · Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gordon, A., Devaney, B., & Burghardt, J.
- Affiliations
- Mathematica Policy Research (US)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-01
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 221S-231S
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2166753792
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 8.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- National School Lunch Program, School Breakfast Program, school meals, dietary intake, micronutrient intake, vitamin A, calcium, magnesium, vitamin C, saturated fat, child nutrition, program participation effects
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Diet, Female, Food Services, Humans, Male, Nutritional Status, Schools, United States, Nutrition Assessment, Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
