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Social Ties and Change in Social Ties in Relation to Subsequent Total and Cause-specific Mortality and Coronary Heart Disease Incidence in Men
Open accessAbstract
The authors prospectively examined the effects of social ties and change in social ties, as measured by a well-known social network index, on total and cause-specific mortality and on coronary heart disease incidence in 28,369 US male health professionals aged 42-77 years in 1988. Over 10 years, the relative risk of total mortality for men in the lower two levels of social integration compared with more socially integrated men was 1.19 (95% confidence interval: 1.06, 1.34) after controlling for age, occupation, health behaviors, general physical condition, coronary risk factors, and dietary habits. In multivariate analysis, deaths from accidents and suicide and from other noncancer, noncardiovascular causes were significantly increased among less socially connected men. Socially isolated men also had an increased risk of fatal coronary heart disease (multivariate relative risk = 1.82, 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 3.23). An increase in the overall social network index between 1988 and 1996 was not significantly associated with subsequent 2-year mortality. In analyses of change in social network components restricted to older men, each categorical unit increase in number of close friends was significantly associated with a 29% decrease in risk of death. Increase in religious service attendance over time was also significantly predictive of decreased mortality.
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“Research suggests that meditation is particularly effective in reducing pain, although the effects are magnified when a religious word is used to focus attention [546, 547].”
From Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications (2012) · cites this paper as [547]
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“These depend on the outcome being studied, but a number of studies have suggested that health behaviours (Cacioppo et al. 2002, Eng et al. 2002), poorer sleep quality (Cacioppo et al. 2002) and vital exhaustion (Eng et al. 2002) were potential mediators between loneliness and a range of physical health outcomes.”
From Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review (2017) · cites this paper as Eng et al. 2002
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“Socially isolated individuals are at increased risk for the development of cardiovascular disease (3), infectious illness (4), cognitive deterioration (5), and mortality (6-9).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Eng, P. M., Rimm, E. B., Fitzmaurice, G., & Kawachi, I.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kawachi, I.
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2002-04-15
- Volume
- 155
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 700-709
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W1981819435
- Cited by
- 492
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 14.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CA55075)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL035464, HL35464)
- National Cancer Institute (CA-55075)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (3 T32 ES07069-16A1, T32ES007069)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Healthcare Systems and Public Health
- Keywords
- social ties, social integration, social network index, social isolation, mortality, cause-specific mortality, coronary heart disease incidence, men, healthcare workers, close friends, religious service attendance, social connectedness
- MeSH terms
- Accidents, Adult, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cause of Death, Coronary Disease, Grief, Humans, Life Change Events, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Risk, Social Isolation, Social Support, Suicide, United States, Incidence, Multivariate Analysis
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