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Social Ties and Change in Social Ties in Relation to Subsequent Total and Cause-specific Mortality and Coronary Heart Disease Incidence in Men
Open accessAbstract
The authors prospectively examined the effects of social ties and change in social ties, as measured by a well-known social network index, on total and cause-specific mortality and on coronary heart disease incidence in 28,369 US male health professionals aged 42-77 years in 1988. Over 10 years, the relative risk of total mortality for men in the lower two levels of social integration compared with more socially integrated men was 1.19 (95% confidence interval: 1.06, 1.34) after controlling for age, occupation, health behaviors, general physical condition, coronary risk factors, and dietary habits. In multivariate analysis, deaths from accidents and suicide and from other noncancer, noncardiovascular causes were significantly increased among less socially connected men. Socially isolated men also had an increased risk of fatal coronary heart disease (multivariate relative risk = 1.82, 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 3.23). An increase in the overall social network index between 1988 and 1996 was not significantly associated with subsequent 2-year mortality. In analyses of change in social network components restricted to older men, each categorical unit increase in number of close friends was significantly associated with a 29% decrease in risk of death. Increase in religious service attendance over time was also significantly predictive of decreased mortality.
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“Research suggests that meditation is particularly effective in reducing pain, although the effects are magnified when a religious word is used to focus attention [546, 547].”
From Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications (2012) · cites this paper as [547]
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“These depend on the outcome being studied, but a number of studies have suggested that health behaviours (Cacioppo et al. 2002, Eng et al. 2002), poorer sleep quality (Cacioppo et al. 2002) and vital exhaustion (Eng et al. 2002) were potential mediators between loneliness and a range of physical health outcomes.”
From Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review (2017) · cites this paper as Eng et al. 2002
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“Socially isolated individuals are at increased risk for the development of cardiovascular disease (3), infectious illness (4), cognitive deterioration (5), and mortality (6-9).”
From Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women (2013) · cites this paper as [6]
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For the Greater Good? The Devastating Ripple Effects of the Covid-19 Crisis
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“This is especially the case in forced isolation in old age (for a meta-analysis see Holt-Lunstad et al., 2015) where loneliness is strongly associated with increased mortality (Eng et al., 2002; Giles et al., 2005; Pantell et al., 2013).”
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Body Mass Index and Risk of Suicide Among Men
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“In 1988, participants responded to a series of questions regarding social support, including the number of close friends and close relatives they had, the number of friends and relatives they saw at least monthly, how often they attended religious gatherings, and how many hours per week they spent in community or soci…”
BackgroundTrajectories of Social Engagement and Mortality in Late Life
Thomas, P. A. (2012) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264311432310 · Cited by 99
Does Living in a Religiously Affiliated Neighborhood Lower Mortality?
Jaffe, D. H., Eisenbach, Z., Neumark, Y. D., & Manor, O. (2005) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.09.014 · Cited by 96
Choi, H. K., & Lee, S. H. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9030293 · Cited by 105
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Tsakos, G., Sabbah, W., Chandola, T., Newton, T., Kawachi, I., Aida, J., Sheiham, A., Marmot, M. G., & Watt, R. G. (2013) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31827d221b · Cited by 95
“These variables originated from the Yale Health and Aging Study and the Social Network IndexYAlameda County Study (11) and have been used in medical (2,3,7,8,14,33) and dental (22,26,28) studies.”
MethodSelf-citationPrognostic significance of psychosocial factors in African‐American and white breast cancer patients
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“Although this is not an uncommon shortcoming,(8,14) –16,43,44 it does limit the examination to whether baseline psychosocial factors are associated with survival, but it does not address the potential impact of postbaseline changes on survival outcomes.(45) It also TABLE 4 Psychosocial Factors of Female Breast Cancer…”
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Assessment of Social Network Change in a National Longitudinal Survey
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Robotic Pet Use Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults
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Is Social Integration Associated With the Risk of Falling in Older Community-Dwelling Women?
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“In addition, two found no association [239,240] (one study with a follow-up of only 19 months), one reported mixed results [241] (CVD as a cause of death was greater among Catholic sister radiology technicians compared to other female radiology technicians, but was significantly lower compared to US females in general…”
Risk for Suicide and the Role of Family
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Anticipated Support From Neighbors and Physical Functioning During Later Life
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“Persuasive evidence showing the physical and mental health benefits of receiving social support and being socially integrated continues to accumulate (Eng et al. 2002; Seeman, Lusignolo, and Albert 2001).”
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What is “phenoptosis” and how to fight it?
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“Previous studies have shown that socially isolated men have a greater incidence of death (23, 24, 56).”
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“Moreover, a poor social network has also been consistently linked to higher mortality [12], especially in older people [19].”
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Leisure Inequality in the United States: 1965–2003
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“In fact the adverse effects of isolation on mental health are well-known in the epidemiological and psychological literature (e.g., House, Landis and Umberson 1988; Berkman and Glass 2000; Putnam 2000; Eng et al. 2002; Berkman et al. 2004; Singh-Manoux and Marmot 2005).”
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“A weak SOC has been associated with low social support [42], which has in turn been found to increase the risk of poor health [43].”
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Sampson, E. L., Bulpitt, C. J., & FLETCHER, A. E. (2009) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02265.x · Cited by 71
Metadata
- Authors
- Eng, P. M., Rimm, E. B., Fitzmaurice, G., & Kawachi, I.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kawachi, I.
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2002-04-15
- Volume
- 155
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 700-709
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W1981819435
- Cited by
- 492
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 14.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CA55075)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL035464, HL35464)
- National Cancer Institute (CA-55075)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (3 T32 ES07069-16A1, T32ES007069)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Healthcare Systems and Public Health
- Keywords
- social ties, social integration, social network index, social isolation, mortality, cause-specific mortality, coronary heart disease incidence, men, healthcare workers, close friends, religious service attendance, social connectedness
- MeSH terms
- Accidents, Adult, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cause of Death, Coronary Disease, Grief, Humans, Life Change Events, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Risk, Social Isolation, Social Support, Suicide, United States, Incidence, Multivariate Analysis
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