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Cited by 244Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsHealth disparities and outcomesDiabetes Management and Education

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Symptoms of Depression as a Risk Factor for Incident Diabetes: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, 1971-1992

Carnethon, M. R.·2003·American Journal of Epidemiology
DOI 10.1093/aje/kwg172
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Abstract

Symptoms of depression may predict incident diabetes independently or through established risk factors for diabetes. US men and women aged 25-74 years who were free of diabetes at baseline (n = 6,190) were followed from 1971 to 1992 (mean, 15.6 years; standard deviation, 6) for incident diabetes. Depressive symptoms were measured by using the General Well-Being Depression subscale and were categorized to compare persons with high (9%), intermediate (32%), and low (59%) numbers of symptoms. The incidence of diabetes was highest among participants reporting high numbers of depressive symptoms (7.3 per 1,000 person-years) and did not differ between persons reporting intermediate and low numbers of symptoms (3.4 and 3.6 per 1,000 person-years, respectively) (p < 0.01 for high vs. low). In the subset of participants with less than a high school education (a marker of low socioeconomic status), the risk of developing diabetes was three times higher (95% confidence interval: 2.0, 4.7) for persons reporting high versus low numbers of depressive symptoms. These results persisted following adjustment for established diabetes risk factors. Depressive symptoms had no impact on diabetes incidence among persons with at least a high school education. Results suggest an independent role for depressive symptoms in the development of diabetes in populations with low educational attainment.

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Metadata

Authors
Carnethon, M. R.
Affiliations
Stanford Medicine (US)
Corresponding author
Carnethon, M. R.
ORCID
Carnethon, M. R.
Venue
American Journal of Epidemiology
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2003-09-01
Volume
158
Issue
5
Pages
416-423
ISSN
0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1093/aje/kwg172
OpenAlex
W2130239487
Cited by
244
References
46
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 17
FWCI
8.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL007034, 5 T32 HL07034)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Keywords
depressive symptoms, depression, new-onset diabetes, diabetes risk factors, socioeconomic status, educational attainment, low educational attainment, diabetes incidence, middle-aged adults
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Incidence, Multivariate Analysis, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution

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