Cited by 244Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsHealth disparities and outcomesDiabetes Management and Education

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Symptoms of Depression as a Risk Factor for Incident Diabetes: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, 1971-1992

Carnethon, M. R.·2003·American Journal of Epidemiology

DOI 10.1093/aje/kwg172

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Abstract

Symptoms of depression may predict incident diabetes independently or through established risk factors for diabetes. US men and women aged 25-74 years who were free of diabetes at baseline (n = 6,190) were followed from 1971 to 1992 (mean, 15.6 years; standard deviation, 6) for incident diabetes. Depressive symptoms were measured by using the General Well-Being Depression subscale and were categorized to compare persons with high (9%), intermediate (32%), and low (59%) numbers of symptoms. The incidence of diabetes was highest among participants reporting high numbers of depressive symptoms (7.3 per 1,000 person-years) and did not differ between persons reporting intermediate and low numbers of symptoms (3.4 and 3.6 per 1,000 person-years, respectively) (p < 0.01 for high vs. low). In the subset of participants with less than a high school education (a marker of low socioeconomic status), the risk of developing diabetes was three times higher (95% confidence interval: 2.0, 4.7) for persons reporting high versus low numbers of depressive symptoms. These results persisted following adjustment for established diabetes risk factors. Depressive symptoms had no impact on diabetes incidence among persons with at least a high school education. Results suggest an independent role for depressive symptoms in the development of diabetes in populations with low educational attainment.

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Authors: Carnethon, M. R.
Affiliations: Stanford Medicine (US)
Corresponding author: Carnethon, M. R.
ORCID: Carnethon, M. R.
Venue: American Journal of Epidemiology
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2003-09-01
Volume: 158
Issue: 5
Pages: 416-423
ISSN: 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwg172
OpenAlex: W2130239487
Cited by: 244
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 8.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL007034, 5 T32 HL07034)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Keywords: depressive symptoms, depression, new-onset diabetes, diabetes risk factors, socioeconomic status, educational attainment, low educational attainment, diabetes incidence, middle-aged adults
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Incidence, Multivariate Analysis, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution

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Symptoms of Depression as a Risk Factor for Incident Diabetes: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, 1971-1992

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