The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cigarette Smoking and Incidence of First Depressive Episode: An 11-Year, Population-based Follow-up Study
Abstract
Smoking has been found to be associated with depression. Biologic hypotheses support causation in both directions. This study examined the association between cigarette smoking and a subsequent first depression. In 1990, 2,014 adults in Norway were interviewed about their lifestyle and mental health. A 2001 reinterview by trained interviewers defined the study cohort of 1,190 participants. The cases were those who experienced a first depression whose onset was estimated to occur during the follow-up period, based on retrospective assessment by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision). Cox regression was used to estimate the hazard rate of depression during follow-up. Alternative explanations for a direct causal influence from smoking on subsequent depression were assessed, and a sensitivity analysis was performed. The risk of depression was four times as high for heavy smokers compared with never smokers. A dose-response relation with an increasing hazard for past smokers and for an increasing number of cigarettes smoked per day for current smokers was found. Similarly, increasing smoking time was associated with increasing risk. Failure of other plausible alternatives to explain the observed association between smoking and depression might reflect a direct causal influence of smoking on depression.
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“the risk of developing depression was four times higher in heavy smokers than nonsmokers and increased time of smoking dependency was correlated with increased risk of depression (Klungsøyr, Nygård, Sørensen, & Sandanger, 2006)”
From Nicotine addiction and psychiatric disorders (2015) · cites this paper as Klungsøyr et al., 2006
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The association of cigarette smoking with depression and anxiety: a systematic review
Fluharty, M., Taylor, A. E., Grabski, M., & Munafò, M. R. (2017) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw140 · Cited by 1,299
Tobacco use and cessation in psychiatric disorders: National Institute of Mental Health report
Ziedonis, D., Hitsman, B., Beckham, J. C., Zvolensky, M., Adler, L. E., Audrain-McGovern, J., Breslau, N., Brown, R. A., George, T. P., Williams, J., et al. (2008) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200802443569 · Cited by 735
Nicotine and the adolescent brain
Yuan, M., Cross, S. J., Loughlin, S. E., & Leslie, F. M. (2015) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp270492 · Cited by 623
“2009), a finding that supports the concept that teen smoking may not only be co-morbid with mood-related disorders but may actually induce them (John et al. 2004; Klungsoyr et al. 2006; Flensborg-Madsen et al. 2011).”
BackgroundSmoking, Mental Illness, and Public Health
Prochaska, J. J., Das, S., & Young-Wolff, K. C. (2017) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044618 · Cited by 503
“Depression is twice as common in smokers than nonsmokers, and four times as common in heavy smokers (66).”
BackgroundCigarette smoking and depression: tests of causal linkages using a longitudinal birth cohort
Boden, J. M., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2010) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.065912 · Cited by 477
Metadata
- Authors
- Klungsøyr, O., Nygård, J. F., Sørensen, T., & Sandanger, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Klungsøyr, Ole
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-01-04
- Volume
- 163
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 421-432
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2152013172
- Cited by
- 269
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 10.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- cigarette smoking, depression, first-episode depression, dose-response relationship, smoking duration, heavy smoking, causal inference, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Norway, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Smoking, Time Factors, Incidence, Confidence Intervals, Proportional Hazards Models
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