Cited by 177Water Treatment and DisinfectionEffects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicalsToxic Organic Pollutants Impact

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Exposure to Drinking Water Disinfection By-Products and Pregnancy Loss

Savitz, D. A., Singer, P. C., Herring, A. H., Hartmann, K. E., Weinberg, H. S., Makarushka, C.·2006·American Journal of Epidemiology

DOI 10.1093/aje/kwj300

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Abstract

Previous research has suggested that exposure to elevated levels of drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs) may cause pregnancy loss. In 2000-2004, the authors conducted a study in three US locations of varying DBP levels and evaluated 2,409 women in early pregnancy to assess their tap water DBP concentrations, water use, other risk factors, and pregnancy outcome. Tap water concentrations were measured in the distribution system weekly or biweekly. The authors considered DBP concentration and ingested amount and, for trihalomethanes only, bathing/showering and integrated exposure that included ingestion. On the basis of 258 pregnancy losses, they did not find an increased risk of pregnancy loss in relation to trihalomethane, haloacetic acid, or total organic halide concentrations; ingested amounts; or total exposure. In contrast to a previous study, pregnancy loss was not associated with high personal trihalomethane exposure (> or =75 micro g/liter and > or =5 glasses of water/day) (odds ratio = 1.1, 95% confidence interval: 0.7, 1.7). Sporadic elevations in risk were found across DBPs, most notably for ingested total organic halide (odds ratio = 1.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.0, 2.2 for the highest exposure quintile). These results provide some assurance that drinking water DBPs in the range commonly encountered in the United States do not affect fetal survival.

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Authors: Savitz, D. A., Singer, P. C., Herring, A. H., Hartmann, K. E., Weinberg, H. S., & Makarushka, C.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
ORCID: Savitz, D. A.
Herring, A. H.
Hartmann, K. E.
Makarushka, C.
Venue: American Journal of Epidemiology
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2006-09-12
Volume: 164
Issue: 11
Pages: 1043-1051
ISSN: 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
1476-6256
DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwj300
OpenAlex: W2098838722
Semantic Scholar: d69d10b9d7de3fb994cb89d97881e8adde48965e
Cited by: 177
References: 28
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 9.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: American Water Works Association Research Foundation
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Keywords: drinking water disinfection by-products, miscarriage, trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, total organic halides, oral exposure, fetal survival, water distribution systems
MeSH terms: Abortion, Spontaneous, Adult, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Disinfectants, Environmental Exposure, Female, Humans, Hydrocarbons, Halogenated, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Risk Factors, United States, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Supply, Water Purification, Trihalomethanes

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Exposure to Drinking Water Disinfection By-Products and Pregnancy Loss

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