The DOI matches its Crossref record; 144 of the 147 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Safety of Yoga: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Abstract
As yoga has gained popularity as a therapeutic intervention, its safety has been questioned in the lay press. Thus, this review aimed to systematically assess and meta-analyze the frequency of adverse events in randomized controlled trials of yoga. MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and IndMED were screened through February 2014. Of 301 identified randomized controlled trials of yoga, 94 (1975-2014; total of 8,430 participants) reported on adverse events. Life-threatening, disabling adverse events or those requiring intensive treatment were defined as serious and all other events as nonserious. No differences in the frequency of intervention-related, nonserious, or serious adverse events and of dropouts due to adverse events were found when comparing yoga with usual care or exercise. Compared with psychological or educational interventions (e.g., health education), more intervention-related adverse events (odds ratio = 4.21, 95% confidence interval: 1.01, 17.67; P = 0.05) and more nonserious adverse events (odds ratio = 7.30, 95% confidence interval: 1.91, 27.92; P < 0.01) occurred in the yoga group; serious adverse events and dropouts due to adverse events were comparable between groups. Findings from this review indicate that yoga appears as safe as usual care and exercise. The adequate reporting of safety data in future randomized trials of yoga is crucial to conclusively judge its safety.
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“Yoga practices are well tolerated25,26”
From Individualized, Single Session Yoga Therapy to Reduce Physical and Emotional Symptoms in Hospitalized Hematological Cancer Patients. (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
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“[15] ADHERENCE AND ACCURACY Some of the studies are conducted in a supervised environment.”
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Self-citationYoga as a Treatment for Depression: Applications for Mental Health Practitioners
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“Auch wenn die Sicherheit der Inter-vention in den Originalstudien zum Teil nurunzureichendberichtetwird,sprechen sowohl epidemiologische als auch klinische Daten insgesamt für geringere oder maximal vergleichbare Verletzungsrisiken durch Yoga im Vergleich zu anderen Bewe-gungsinterventionen[12,16].”
BackgroundSelf-citationYoga in autoimmune disorders: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Baishya, A., Sharma, S., Hazarika, D., Saini, S., Sharma, H. K., & Metri, K. (2025) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaaf049 · Cited by 3
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Self-citationIntegrating Yoga in Oncologic Care: Answering the Call to Develop Best Practices
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“65 However, examining outcomes and experiences after weeks of practice and often days (or weeks) following the final session obscures how people respond immediately upon starting the intervention.”
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Yoga as a Treatment for Depression
Nyer, M., Roberg, R., Nauphal, M., & Streeter, C. C. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97241-1_17 · Cited by 2
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Thind, H. K., Pekmezi, D., DUNSIGER, S. I., Guthrie, K. M., Stroud, L. R., Wu, W., Walaska, K., & Bock, B. C. (2025) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2025.107842 · Cited by 2
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Self-citationDepression in Pregnancy: A Role for Yoga, a Lifestyle Practice to Complement Nutrition
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Hastings, B. (2018) · Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology)
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Self-citationWo und wie wirkt Yoga? – Eine wissenschaftliche Bestandsaufnahme
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Self-citationYoga for chronic pain in veterans: A mixed methods study
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ResultYoga for Mental Health Disorders
Bhargav, H., Arasappa, R., Inbaraj, G., Udupa, K., & Varambally, S. S. (2022) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-5295-0.ch071
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Musculoskeletal Injuries Associated with Yoga Practice - a Literature Review
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Role of ayurvedic herbs in the management of major depressive disorders (MDD)
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Yoga bei Rückenschmerzen: Stand der Forschung
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Social Life, Spirituality, and Stress Management
PhD, L. S. S., & MD, S. N. K. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394323128.ch11
Scoping review of yoga as treatment for type 2 DM
Veluri, S. C., & Basu‐Ray, I. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99645-7.00021-4
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Komplementäre und integrative Verfahren
Rampp, T., Cramer, H., Endres, H. G., & Dobos, G. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-21545-2.00028-8
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Ward, L., Wiley, L., Rose, F., Howsam, J., Bissell, L. J. L., Tew, G. A., & Rapley, T. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-097472
Self-citationNon-procedural Interventions for Chronic Pain
Brown, A., Bautista, A., Chastain, D. C., DeMessa, C., Doshi, T. L., Friedrich, J. M., Hooten, W. M., Issa, M., Urban, L., & Kohan, L. R. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-88357-6_5
Yoga, Pilates, and the pelvic floor: an updated review of current literature
Kopkin, R., Corn, M., & Tostrud, L. J. (2025) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/gco.0000000000001068
Vollbehr, N. K., Ostafin, B. D., Bartels‐Velthuis, A. A., & Hoenders, R. H. J. (2025) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.70013
“Several studies have investigated the safety of yoga and the experience of adverse events during yoga interventions (Cramer et al., 2015, 2017, 2019).”
InfluentialDong, J., Chi, J., & Lei, E. F. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120438 · Cited by 5
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Misra, U., Chetri, S., & Sharma, H. (2025) · Indian Journal of Community Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_681_24
“[11] Yoga, therefore, has a safe, nonpharmacological approach to managing PMS symptoms in women.”
Mallaiah, S., Ramondetta, L. M., Morse, M., Narayanan, S., Rigert, J. M., Wagner, R., Cusimano, A., Azeez, B., Pal, C., Lopez, G., et al. (2025) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-025-10231-3
“Fortunately, YT is well tolerated, safe (if modified and appropriately delivered), adaptable to patient context and abilities [18], and has been explored in outpatient and rehabilitation center settings [17].”
Additional file 1 of Health status of aged women with or without the experience of practicing yoga
Wong, S. S. S., Wa, L. T., & Ng, S. S. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26622991
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Can, A. A., & Abiç, A. (2026) · Kastamonu Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.59778/sbfdergisi.1769804
Gonzalez, M., Grant, S. J., de Manincor, M., Lacey, J., & Sarris, J. J. (2026) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2026.102073
Metadata
- Authors
- Cramer, H., Ward, L., Saper, R., Fishbein, D., Dobos, G., & Lauche, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Technology Sydney (AU)
- Boston University (US)
- University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Cramer, Holger
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2015-06-26
- Volume
- 182
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 281-293
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2154895014
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 147
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 4.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- yoga, safety, adverse events, serious adverse events, dropout, physical activity, usual care, health education, safety reporting, randomized controlled trials
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Safety, Wounds and Injuries, Yoga, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Databases, Bibliographic, Mind-Body Therapies, Young Adult
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