A Decade of War: Prospective Trajectories of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Among Deployed US Military Personnel and the Influence of Combat Exposure
Open accessAbstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common psychiatric disorder among service members and veterans. The clinical course of PTSD varies between individuals, and patterns of symptom development have yet to be clearly delineated. Previous studies have been limited by convenience sampling, short follow-up periods, and the inability to account for combat-related trauma. To determine the trajectories of PTSD symptoms among deployed military personnel with and without combat exposure, we used data from a population-based representative sample of 8,178 US service members who participated in the Millennium Cohort Study from 2001 to 2011. Using latent growth mixture modeling, trajectories of PTSD symptoms were determined in the total sample, as well as in individuals with and without combat exposure, respectively. Overall, 4 trajectories of PTSD were characterized: resilient, pre-existing, new-onset, and moderate stable. Across all trajectories, combat-deployed service members diverged from non-combat-deployed service members, even after a single deployment. The former also generally had higher PTSD symptoms. Based on the models, nearly 90% of those without combat exposure remained resilient over the 10-year period, compared with 80% of those with combat exposure. Findings demonstrate that although the clinical course of PTSD symptoms shows heterogeneous patterns of development, combat exposure is uniformly associated with poor mental health.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Most people are resilient in the face of major trauma - possibly up to 80% returning to previous levels of psychological functioning.
“An unexpected story is that most people are resilient in the face of major trauma – possibly up to 80% returning to previous levels of psychological functioning (Bonanno et al., 2011; Donoho et al., 2017) although the exact percentage is debated (Infurna and Luthar, 2016).”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Donoho et al., 2017
The Results report that 80.7% of combat-deployed personnel belonged to a resilient group whose PTSD symptoms were low before deployment and remained low throughout the study. This supports the approximate 80% figure for that population, but the paper does not establish that 80% of people exposed to major trauma generally return to previous levels of psychological functioning; it measures PTSD symptom trajectories in deployed service members. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510701575396 · Cited by 11,415 · see citing works
The social readjustment rating scale
Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(67)90010-4 · Cited by 11,174 · see citing works
Combat Duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, Mental Health Problems, and Barriers to Care
Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa040603 · Cited by 4,778 · see citing works
An Introduction to Latent Class Growth Analysis and Growth Mixture Modeling
Jung, T., & Wickrama, K. A. S. (2007) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00054.x · Cited by 3,228 · see citing works
Muthén, B., & Muthén, L. K. (2000) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb02070.x · Cited by 3,161 · see citing works
Alcohol Use and Alcohol-Related Problems Before and After Military Combat Deployment
Jacobson, I. G. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.300.6.663 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Smith, T. C., Ryan, M. A. K., Wingard, D. L., Slymen, D. J., Sallis, J. F., & Kritz‐Silverstein, D. C. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39430.638241.ae · Cited by 631 · see citing works
General growth mixture modeling for randomized preventive interventions
Muthén, B. (2002) · Biostatistics · doi:10.1093/biostatistics/3.4.459 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Bonanno, G. A., Mancini, A. D., Horton, J. L., Powell, T. M., LeardMann, C. A., Boyko, E. J., Wells, T. S., Hooper, T. I., Gackstetter, G. D., Smith, T. C., et al. (2012) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.096552 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Self-citationKillgore, W. D. S., Cotting, D. I., Thomas, J. L., Cox, A. L., McGurk, D., Vo, A. H., Castro, C. A., & Hoge, C. W. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.01.001 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Sleep Patterns Before, During, and After Deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan
Seelig, A. D., Jacobson, I. G., Smith, B., Hooper, T. I., Boyko, E. J., Gackstetter, G. D., Gehrman, P., Macera, C. A., Smith, T. C., & Millennium Cohort Study Team (2010) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/33.12.1615 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Lapierre, C. B., Schwegler, A. F., & LaBauve, B. J. (2007) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20278 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Relationship of combat experiences to alcohol misuse among U.S. soldiers returning from the Iraq war
Wilk, J. E., Bliese, P. D., Kim, P. Y., Thomas, J. L., McGurk, D., & Hoge, C. W. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.12.003 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Wells, T. S., LeardMann, C. A., Fortuna, S. O., Smith, B., Smith, T. C., Ryan, M. A. K., Boyko, E. J., Blazer, D. G., & for the Millennium Cohort Study Team (2009) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2008.155432 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Berntsen (2012) · doi:10.1177/0956797612457389 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Schaeffer, C. M., Petras, H., Ialongo, N. S., Masyn, K. E., Hubbard, S., PODUSKA, J. M., & Kellam, S. G. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.3.500 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Heterogeneity in the course of posttraumatic stress disorder: Trajectories of symptomatology
Dickstein, B. D., Suvak, M. K., Litz, B. T., & Adler, A. B. (2010) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20523 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Cigarette Smoking and Military Deployment
Smith, B., Ryan, M. A. K., Wingard, D. L., Patterson, T. L., Slymen, D. J., & Macera, C. A. (2008) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.07.009 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Reliability of Standard Health Assessment Instruments in a Large, Population-Based Cohort Study
Smith, T. C., Smith, B., Jacobson, I. G., Corbeil, T., & Ryan, M. A. K. (2007) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.12.002 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Prior Assault and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Combat Deployment
Smith, T. C., Wingard, D. L., Ryan, M. A. K., Kritz‐Silverstein, D. C., Slymen, D. J., & Sallis, J. F. (2008) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e31816a9dff · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Eekhout, I. E., Reijnen, A., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., & Geuze, E. (2015) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00368-5 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Anthrax Vaccination in the Millennium CohortValidation and Measures of Health
Smith, B., Leard, C. A., Smith, T. C., Reed, R. J., & Ryan, M. A. K. (2007) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2006.12.015 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Mancini, A. D., Littleton, H., & Grills, A. E. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702615601001 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Jacobson, I. G., Donoho, C. J., Crum‐Cianflone, N. F., & Maguen, S. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.05.015 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationWolf, E. J., Mitchell, K. S., Koenen, K. C., & Miller, M. W. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713002286 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Boasso, A. M., Steenkamp, M. M., Nash, W. P., Larson, J. L., & Litz, B. T. (2015) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21988 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science
Epel, E. S., Crosswell, A. D., Mayer, S. E., Prather, A. A., Slavich, G. M., Puterman, E., & Mendes, W. B. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.001 · Cited by 1,077 · see citing works
Beyond war and PTSD: The crucial role of transition stress in the lives of military veterans
Mobbs, M. C., & Bonanno, G. A. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.007 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Self-citationResilience to potential trauma and adversity through regulatory flexibility
Bonanno, G. A., Chen, S., & Galatzer‐Levy, I. R. (2023) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-023-00233-5 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationSchultebraucks, K., Qian, M., Amara, D. A., Dean, K. R., LASKA, E. M., Siegel, C., Gautam, A., Guffanti, G., Hammamieh, R., Misganaw, B., et al. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0789-2 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Amsalem, D., Haim‐Nachum, S., Lazarov, A., Levi‐Belz, Y., Markowitz, J. C., Bergman, M., Rafaeli, A. K., Brenner, L. A., Nacasch, N., Wainberg, M. L., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-84410-3 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
for the Millennium Cohort Study Team, Armenta, R. F., Walter, K. H., Geronimo-Hara, T. R., Porter, B., Stander, V. A., & LeardMann, C. A. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2375-1 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationPorter, B., Hoge, C. W., Tobin, L. E., Donoho, C. J., Castro, C. A., Luxton, D. D., & Faix, D. J. (2018) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22273 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationBelding, J. N., Castañeda, S. F., Jacobson, I. G., LeardMann, C. A., Porter, B., Powell, T. M., Kolaja, C. A., Seelig, A. D., Matsuno, R. K., Carey, F. R., et al. (2021) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.12.002 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationBonde, J. P., Jensen, J. H., Smid, G. E., Flachs, E. M., Elklit, A., Mors, O. N., & Videbech, P. (2021) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13372 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Mota, N., Cook, J., Smith, N. B., Tsai, J., Harpaz-Rotem, I., Krystal, J., Southwick, S., & Pietrzak, R. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.09.005 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Hou, W. K., Lai, F. T. T., Hougen, C., Hall, B. J., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2019) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000692 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Maguen, S., Griffin, B. J., Copeland, L. A., Perkins, D. F., Richardson, C. B., Finley, E. P., & Vogt, D. S. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720004249 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
van der Wal, S. J., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., & Geuze, E. (2020) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.113 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Mota, N. P., Bolton, J. M., Enns, M. W., Afifi, T. O., El-Gabalawy, R. M., Sommer, J. L., Pietrzak, R. H., Stein, M. B., Asmundson, G. J. G., & Sareen, J. (2021) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743721989167 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Cyr, S., Guo, D. X., Marcil, M.-J., Dupont, P., Jobidon, L., Benrimoh, D. A., Guertin, M., & Brouillette, J. (2021) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.01.010 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Palmer, L., Thandi, G., Norton, S., Jones, M., Fear, N. T., Wessely, S. C., & Rona, R. J. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.11.023 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Hoopsick, R. A., Homish, D. L., Collins, R. L., Nochajski, T. H., Read, J. P., Bartone, P. T., & Homish, G. G. (2020) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01899-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Depression Following COVID-19 Lockdown in Severely, Moderately, and Mildly Impacted Areas in China
Han, X., Chen, S., Bi, K., Yang, Z., & Sun, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.596872 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Boulos, D., & Fikretoglu, D. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018735 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mental health disorder symptoms among serving Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Carleton, R. N., Jamshidi, L., Nisbet, J., Shields, R. E., & Andrews, K. L. (2024) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2024.2318209 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Developing a Measure to Assess Emotions Associated with Never Being Deployed
Hoopsick, R. A., Homish, D. L., Bartone, P. T., & Homish, G. G. (2018) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usy005 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Harwood‐Gross, A., Stern, N., & Brom, D. (2023) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12917 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Finding the Forgotten: Motivating Military Veterans to Register with a Primary Healthcare Practice
Finnegan, A. P., Jackson, R., & Simpson, R. G. (2018) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usy086 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Forkus, S. R., Contractor, A. A., Goncharenko, S., Goldstein, S. C., & Weiss, N. H. (2022) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0001235 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Combat exposure and behavioral health in U.S. Army Special Forces
Rivera, A. C., LeardMann, C. A., Rull, R. P., Cooper, A., Warner, S., Faix, D. J., Deagle, E. A., Neff, R., Caserta, R. J., Adler, A. B., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0270515 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Combat and Trajectories of Physical Health Functioning in U.S. Service Members
Porter, B., Bonanno, G. A., Bliese, P. D., Phillips, C. J., & Proctor, S. P. (2019) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2019.06.015 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationO’Donnell, J. K., Logan, J. E., & Bossarte, R. M. (2018) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12536 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Frankova, I., Klochkov, V., Pyvovarenko, M., Hukovskyy, O., Zohar, J., & Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M. (2025) · Neuroscience Applied · doi:10.1016/j.nsa.2025.105528 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Burhans, L. B., Smith‐Bell, C. A., & Schreurs, B. G. (2018) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.029 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Sommer, J. L., Mota, N. P., Thompson, J. M., Asmundson, G. J. G., Sareen, J., Bernstein, C. N., Marrie, R. A., & El-Gabalawy, R. M. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102543 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Clinic Use at the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs Following Combat Related Amputations
Melcer, T., Walker, J., Bhatnagar, V., & Richard, E. (2019) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usz149 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Nan (2023) · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.020 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Stressful life events and trajectories of depression symptoms in a U.S. military cohort
Sampson, L., Cabral, H., Rosellini, A. J., Gradus, J. L., Cohen, G. H., Fink, D. S., King, A. P. J., Liberzon, I., & Galea, S. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-14496-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Palmer, L., Norton, S., Rona, R. J., Fear, N. T., & Stevelink, S. A. M. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.11.007 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Verläufe von Resilienz – Beispiele aus Längsschnittstudien
Lindert, J., Schick, A., Reif, A., Kalisch, R., & Tüscher, O. (2018) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-018-0536-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Family-Support Intervention in the ICU
(2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc1809967 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zhou, X., & Wu, X. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421000213 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
James, L. M., Leuthold, A. C., & Georgopoulos, A. P. (2022) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-022-06320-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A qualitative analysis of meaning‐making and mental health among OIF/OEF veterans
Keller, E. M., Owens, G. P., Perkins, M., & Hamrick, L. A. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22959 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Classification of Trauma-Related Outcomes in US Veterans Using Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
James, L. M., Enghdal, B. E., Leuthold, A. C., & Georgopoulos, A. P. (2021) · Journal of Neurology and Neuromedicine · doi:10.29245/2572.942x/2021/1.1279 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
An Integrative Temporal Framework for Psychological Resilience
Long, K., & Bonanno, G. A. (2018) · Child maltreatment solutions network · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72589-5_8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationCarmassi, C., Cordone, A., Bertelloni, C., Cappelli, A., Pedrinelli, V., Sampogna, G., Massimetti, G., Dell'Oste, V., & Dell'Osso, L. (2022) · European psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2247 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cogan, A. M., Huang, J. V., & Philip, J. (2018) · OTJR Occupational Therapy Journal of Research · doi:10.1177/1539449218813849 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Stellman, S. D., Kaiser, A. P., Smith, B. N., Spiro, A., & Stellman, J. M. (2025) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000003321 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Vasterling, J. J., Franz, M. R., Lee, L. O., Kaiser, A. P., Proctor, S. P., Marx, B. P., Schnurr, P. P., Ko, J., Concato, J., & Aslan, M. (2023) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22964 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Identifying psychological risk and resilience in high-risk military personnel
Bennett, N., Lawrence‐Wood, E., & McFARLANE, A. C. (2024) · BMJ Military Health · doi:10.1136/military-2024-002724 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Homelessness Among Post-9/11 Era Veterans
Metraux, S., Kolaja, C. A., Crone, B., Byrne, T. H., Rull, R. P., & Porter, B. (2024) · Armed Forces & Society · doi:10.1177/0095327x241259080 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationImmunogenetics of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women veterans
James, L. M., & Georgopoulos, A. P. (2022) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100567 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Nevin, R. L. (2018) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwy072 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Crone, B., Arenson, M. B., Cortell, R., & Carlin, E. A. (2022) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-022-01061-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The association of multi-system conditions on mental health trajectories during naval deployment
Karin, E., Gucciardi, D. F., Rigotti, T., Kunzelmann, A., Kalisch, R., & Crane, M. F. (2024) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2024.2413249 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Johnson, D., Harrison, S., Cattoën, C., Luttrell, J. B., & Blackett, P. (2025) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105216 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mental Health Disorder Symptoms among Canadian Coast Guard and Conservation and Protection Officers
Andrews, K. L., Jamshidi, L., Nisbet, J., Teckchandani, T. A., Price, J. A. B., Ricciardelli, R., Andérson, G. S., & Carleton, R. N. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315696 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Survival Psychology in Kevin Powers’ The Yellow Birds
Alosman, M. I. M., & Raihanah, M. M. (2020) · GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies · doi:10.17576/gema-2020-2001-09 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hou, W. K., & Tao, T. J. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91497-0.00207-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Loneliness after service veteran loneliness and exclusion by veterans and nonveterans in Cyberball
Morton, D. J., Mobbs, M. C., & Bonanno, G. A. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.06.014 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationShahar, G., Aharonson‐Daniel, L., Greenberg, D., Shalev, H., Tendler, A., Grotto, I., Malone, P. S., & Davidovitch, N. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115585 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Can Veterans Experience Acculturative Stress?
Smith, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Veterans Studies · doi:10.21061/jvs.v9i1.371 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER FOR MILITARY SERVANTS: THEORY, RESEARCH AND TREATMENT
Kovalenko, I., Berezan, O. I., & Pomohaibo, V. (2023) · Psychology and Personality · doi:10.33989/2226-4078.2023.2.288310 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Palmer, L., Busuttil, W., Simms, A., Fear, N. T., & Stevelink, S. A. M. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0308101 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Rivera-Rivera, N., Pérez-Pedrogo, C., Calaf, M., & Sánchez‐Cardona, I. (2021) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0001099 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kodama, L., Verkuilen, A., Asimakopoulos, G., Coffinier, C., & Merritt, V. C. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116672 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Amsalem, D., Fisch, C. T., Markowitz, J. C., Lazarov, A., Levi‐Belz, Y., Lurie, I., Wainberg, M. L., Mendlovic, S., Neria, Y., & Haim‐Nachum, S. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.116953 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tatsa-Laur, L., Rice, A. J., Fisher, J. E., Al-Bizri, M., West, J. C., Benedek, D. M., Ursano, R. J., & Cozza, S. J. (2026) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2026.2623591 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Trajectories of depression symptoms during the process of deployment in military couples
Coppola, E. C., Christ, S. L., Topp, D. B., Southwell, K. H., Bailey, K., & Wadsworth, S. M. (2021) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2021.1974807 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cohort profile: the Ohio Army National Guard Mental Health Initiative (OHARNG-MHI)
Sampson, L., Cohen, G. H., Fink, D. S., Conroy, C. M., Calabrese, J. R., Wryobeck, J. M., Elhai, J. D., King, A. P. J., Liberzon, I., & Galea, S. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02166-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Etzel, L., Miskey, H. M., Webb, J. B., Demakis, G. J., Harris, H. L., & Shura, R. D. (2023) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acad055 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kalthom, M., Darouei, P., & Ghamarani, A. (2025) · Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/17450128.2025.2518397 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Combat Exposure and Mental Health in the Military: the Role of Collective Identity
Bouleh, P. G. (2020) · doi:10.15760/honors.902 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cyr, S., Marcil, M.-J., Long, V., Marco, C. D., Dyrda, K., & Brouillette, J. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.01.14.21249762 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Donoho, C. J., Bonanno, G. A., Porter, B., & Powell, T. M. (2018) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwy074
Self-citationMILITARY NUTRITION AND POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
Mason, S. A. (2018) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Early Predictors of Chronic PTSD Symptom Trajectories in US Army Soldiers Deployed to the Iraq WarPreprint
Vasterling, J. J., Franz, M. R., Lee, L. O., Kaiser, A. P., Proctor, S. P., Marx, B. P., Schnurr, P. P., Ko, J., Concato, J., & Aslan, M. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2244497/v1
Can Veterans Experience Acculturative Stress?
Smith, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Veterans Studies · doi:10.21061/jvs.v9i2.371
Generational Trends in Employment and Crime Among Military Families
McDaniel, J. T., Black, E. R., Henson, H., Kawashima, Y., Koran, J., & Brown, D. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197646588.003.0004
ПРОБЛЕМА ПСИХІЧНОГО ЗДОРОВ’Я УЧАСНИКІВ БОЙОВИХ ДІЙ У ПРАЦЯХ ЗАРУБІЖНИХ ДОСЛІДНИКІВ
Білосевич, І. А. (2025) · Наукові записки Серія Психологія · doi:10.32782/cusu-psy-2025-1-2
Psychological consequences of participation in combat
Ladyhina, О. V., & Smyrnov, V. V. (2025) · Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Psychology · doi:10.17721/bpsy.2025.1(21).8
Bruce, S. L., Cooper, M., Farmer, C., Folsom, A. M., Fulton, M., Haskins, J., Knight, C., Moore, C. M., Mullins, J. A., Shollenbarger, A. J., et al. (2026) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci16020185
Amsalem, D., Markowitz, J. C., Fisch, C. T., Lazarov, A., Levi‐Belz, Y., Lurie, I., Wainberg, M. L., Mendlovic, S., Neria, Y., & Haim‐Nachum, S. (2026) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.20250340
Baoutou, K. F. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/1f3d680bz38acz4605z91d5z0dd92672dcf9
Verkuilen, A., Talbert, L. D., Valocchi, E., Kodama, L., Coffinier, C., Program, V. A. M. V., & Merritt, V. C. (2026) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1177/08977151261450343
Threat processing and PTSD symptom progression over repeated combat deployments
Zalmenson, T., Yair, N., Azriel, O., Shamai‐Leshem, D., Alon, Y., Levinstein, Y., Ben-Yehuda, A., Tatsa-Laur, L., Rotschield, J., Beer, Z. A., et al. (2026) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2026.2666009
Bottari, S. A., Kaiser, A. P., Lee, L. O., Aslan, M., & Vasterling, J. J. (2026) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2026.103198
- Authors
- Donoho, C. J., Bonanno, G. A., Porter, B., Kearney, L., & Powell, T. M.
- Affiliations
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Naval Health Research Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Donoho, Carrie J
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2017-09-27
- Volume
- 186
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1310-1318
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2759124589
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 9.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD symptom trajectories, combat exposure, military deployment, Millennium Cohort Study, growth mixture modeling, resilience, war injuries, military mental health
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Combat Disorders, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Military Personnel, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, United States, Veterans, Health Behavior, Iraq War, 2003-2011, Resilience, Psychological, Afghan Campaign 2001-
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
