The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Interpreting Relationships between L1 and L2 Reading: Consolidating the Linguistic Threshold and the Linguistic Interdependence Hypotheses
Abstract
This paper reinterprets the question of whether second language reading is a language problem (linguistic threshold) or a reading problem (linguistic interdependence) A variety of previously published data sources relevant to these questions are examined and new data are presented from 186 adult native English speakers reading in English and Spanish Results indicated that neither hypothesis is wholly reflective of the second language reading process There is considerable consistency (in all studies reviewed) in the amount of variance accounted for by first language literacy (upwards of 20 per cent) However, linguistic knowledge is consistently a more powerful predictor (upwards of 30 per cent) The paper concludes with a restatement of the second language reading problematic How L1 literate does a second language reader have to be to make the second language knowledge work ? How much second language knowledge does a second language reader have to have in order to make the L1 literacy knowledge work ?
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Synthesizing Research on Language Learning and Teaching
(2006) · Language Learning & Language Teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.13 · Cited by 608
Nassaji, H. (2003) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3588216 · Cited by 391
PROGRESS AND PROCRASTINATION IN SECOND LANGUAGE READING
Bernhardt, E. (2005) · Annual Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1017/s0267190505000073 · Cited by 293
Self-citationNassaji, H. (2002) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/0023-8333.00189 · Cited by 271
Learner Variables in Second Language Listening Comprehension: An Exploratory Path Analysis
Vandergrift, L., & Baker, S. (2015) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12105 · Cited by 253
Metadata
- Authors
- BERNHARDT, E. B., & KAMIL, M. L.
- Venue
- Applied Linguistics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1995-03-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 15-34
- ISSN
- 0142-6001 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-450X
- OpenAlex
- W2023394231
- Cited by
- 453
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 8.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Interpreting Relationships between L1 and L2 Reading: Consolidating the Linguistic Threshold and the Linguistic Interdependence Hypotheses. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/applin/16.1.15
- The paper
- BERNHARDT, E. B., & KAMIL, M. L. (1995). Interpreting Relationships between L1 and L2 Reading: Consolidating the Linguistic Threshold and the Linguistic Interdependence Hypotheses. Applied Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/16.1.15
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
