The Differential Effects of Three Types of Task Planning on the Fluency, Complexity, and Accuracy in L2 Oral Production
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The main purpose of this article is to review studies that have investigated the effects of three types of planning (rehearsal, pre-task planning, and within-task planning) on the fluency, complexity, and accuracy of L2 performance. All three types of planning have been shown to have a beneficial effect on fluency but the results for complexity and accuracy are more mixed, reflecting both the type of planning and also the mediating role of various factors, including task design and implementation variables and individual difference factors. A secondary purpose is to outline a theory that can account for the role that planning plays in L2 performance. The article concludes with a list of limitations in the research to date.
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Simply repeating the task as in the current study may not be sufficient to induce substantial performance changes in accuracy and complexity.
“When examining the effects of task repetition on accuracy and complexity, simply repeating the task as in the current study may not be sufficient to induce substantial performance changes (Ellis, 2009).”
From MASSED TASK REPETITION IS A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD FOR FLUENCY DEVELOPMENT (2022) · cites this paper as Ellis, 2009
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Exploring the benefits of task repetition and recycling for classroom language learning
Lynch, T., & Maclean, J. (2000) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/136216880000400303 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
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Focus on form: A critical review
Ellis, R. (2016) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168816628627 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, Z. (2014) · Task-Based Language Teaching · doi:10.1075/tblt.5.02wan · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Parlak, Ö., & Ziegler, N. (2017) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263116000310 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
MASSED TASK REPETITION IS A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD FOR FLUENCY DEVELOPMENT
Suzuki, Y., & Hanzawa, K. (2022) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263121000358 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“When examining the effects of task repetition on accuracy and complexity, simply repeating the task as in the current study may not be sufficient to induce substantial performance changes (Ellis, 2009).”
BackgroundFocus on form through task repetition in TBLT
van de Guchte, M., Braaksma, M., Rijlaarsdam, G., & Bimmel, P. (2016) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168815609616 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Linguistic complexity in second language acquisition
Kuiken, F. (2023) · Linguistics Vanguard · doi:10.1515/lingvan-2021-0112 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ellis, R.
- Affiliations
- Shanghai International Studies University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Ellis, R.
- ORCID
- Ellis, R.
- Venue
- Applied Linguistics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-11-30
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 474-509
- ISSN
- 0142-6001 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-450X
- OpenAlex
- W2070580370
- Cited by
- 522
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 110.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Applied Linguistics (publishedVersion)
- ResearchSpace (University of Auckland) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and Language Analysis
- Keywords
- task planning, second language speaking, rehearsal, pre-task planning, fluency, linguistic complexity, accuracy, task design, individual differences, planning theory
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