Power output and efficiency of sound production by crickets
Abstract
I estimated the sound power of male crickets calling outdoors using a microphone array to measure their sound fields. Average power output for four species, Scapteriscus borellii (N = 18), S. vicinus (N = 7), Oecanthus quadripunctatus (N = 6), and Anurogryllus arboreus (N = 6), was 6.5, 4.5, 10.2, and 58.6 μW, respectively. Power output for male mole crickets (Scapteriscus spp.) was variable (range 2–22 nW), and estimated efficiency was less than 0.1%. Efficiencies of sound production for tree crickets {Oecanthus) and short-tailed crickets (Anurogryllus) were between 1% and 3%. Power output of S. vicinus males was significantly correlated with soil moisture near the male's burrow. Larger Oecanthus males produced significantly more power than smaller males. Male Oecanthus that used leaves as baffles increased power output by a factor of 2 (3 dB). Radiation patterns of Scapteriscus sound fields were hemispherical. Those of Oecanthus and Anurogryllus were dumbbell shaped. Radiation patterns of Scapteriscus and Oecanthus are predicted by simple physical systems. The costs and benefits to male reproduction due o increased power output relate to changes in efficiency of sound production and preferences used by females, competitors, or natural enemies in locating calling males. [Behav Ecol 1991; 2:327–338]
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The asynchronous, two-microphone method allows for fine spatial resolution in mapping acoustic fields and has been used to reconstruct complicated radiation patterns.
“This asynchronous, two-microphone method allows for fine spatial resolution in the mapping of acoustic fields and has been used to reconstruct some very complicated radiation patterns (Au et al., 1995; Bennet-Clark, 1987; Forrest, 1991; Hartley and Suthers, 1987, 1989, 1990; Hunter et al., 1986; Larsen and Dabelsteen, 1990).”
From Directional acoustic radiation in the strut display of male sage grouse <i>Centrocercus urophasianus</i> (1999) · cites this paper as Forrest, 1991
When the intended receiver's position is unknown, directional display can be a liability necessitating continual modification of display posture to maximize the probability of reception.
“When the intended receiver's position is unknown, however, directional display can be a liability necessitating continual modification of display posture to maximize the probability of reception (Forrest, 1991).”
From Directional acoustic radiation in the strut display of male sage grouse <i>Centrocercus urophasianus</i> (1999) · cites this paper as Forrest, 1991
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“This sound emission system does not measure more than 50 mm in length, and there are no obvious body or external resonating systems that could amplify the sound, as observed in insects, amphibians, mammals and birds [30–35].”
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“Because a male cricket's call is propagated directly in front of and behind the male’s raised wings (Forrest, 1991), recordings were retained only if the cricket was facing directly towards or directly away from the recorder, as observed by a red headlight in a dark room.”
BackgroundPrestwich, K. N., & O'Sullivan, K. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.01550 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“These showed that S. borellii was louder (typically ~2–3·dB·SPL) than its congener and that both species had approximately the same shape sound field as we measured in the laboratory and as was found by Forrest (1991).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialTalking Back: Sending Soil Vibration Signals to Lekking Prairie Mole Cricket Males
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InfluentialFarris, H. E., Forrest, T. G., & Hoy, R. R. (1997) · Journal of Insect Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf02765384 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“rest, 1983); crickets--Anurogryllus arboreus (Walker, 1983), Gryllus bimaculatus (Simmons, 1988); and tree crickets--Oecanthus quadripunctatus (Forrest, 1991)], preference for the more powerful signal might be the mechanism females”
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Self-citationHertl, P. T., Brandenburg, R., & Barbercheck, M. E. (2001) · Environmental Entomology · doi:10.1603/0046-225x-30.3.466 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“High soil moisture signiÞcantly increases the power output (sound volume measured in decibels) of the male call (Forrest 1991), and Forrest (1983b) noted that females may use the song intensities of the calling males to locate moist soil for oviposition.”
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“In some cases forewingbased sound radiation is enhanced by particular shapes of the pronotum (Morris and Mason, 1995), holes in plant leaves acting as acoustic baffles (Prozesky-Schulze et al., 1975; Forrest, 1991), particular tegminal inflations (Hemp, 2001; Montealegre-Z and Mason, 2005), or burrows purposely shaped…”
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“It is intuitively obvious that geometry affects the directionality and sound intensity of signals but this has not been tested before except in Tree crickets (Forrest 1991) and species such as Mole crickets (Daws et al. 1996) and other taxa using burrows or holes.”
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Migration: definition and scope
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“(a) Baffling: a classic case of conditional alternate tactics Earlier studies [4,6,7,11] had described baffling behaviour, optimization and the underlying physical principle in detail.”
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Walker, T. J., & Funk, D. H. (2014) · Journal of Orthoptera Research · doi:10.1665/034.023.0102 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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“In most of the species studied, it appears that less than 1% of metabolic energy used to produce an advertisement call is converted to audible ( 18 kHz) sound (Kavanagh 1987, Forrest 1991, Prestwich 1994, Prestwich & O’Sullivan forthcoming).”
BackgroundBailey, W. J., Ager, E. I., O’Brien, E. K., et al. (2003) · Physiological Entomology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-3032.2003.00334.x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…is confounded by distance and excess attenuation through vegetation (Gerhardt, 1991), however, intensity appears to be the most significant cue for mate attraction in many insects (Bailey, 1985; Simmons, 1988; Forrest & Green, 1991; Forrest, 1991; Galliart & Shaw, 1992; Forrest & Raspet, 1994).”
BackgroundActive auditory mechanics in female black-horned tree crickets (Oecanthus nigricornis)
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“As male tree crickets produce calls from a dipole that is highly directional (Toms 1984; Forrest 1991), the amplification of quiet stimuli should also enhance the detection of males that are calling from angles projecting only minimal acoustic energy in the direction of the listening female.”
BackgroundSound radiation patterns in Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) songs
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“When faced with a choice, females prefer louder calls (2, 5).”
BackgroundChivers, B. D., Jonsson, T., Jackson, J. C., et al. (2015) · Bioacoustics · doi:10.1080/09524622.2015.1124344 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The work of Forrest (1991), Michelsen and Elsner (1999), and Michelsen and Fonseca (2000) all used a series of microphones arranged in an array which was manually manipulated about the insect in question.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSTRIDULATION OF GRYLLOTALPA AFRICANA (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLOTALPIDAE) ON TURF GRASS IN SOUTH AFRICA
Graaf, J. D., Schoeman, A. S., & Brandenburg, R. (2005) · Florida Entomologist · doi:10.1653/0015-4040(2005)088[0292:sogaog]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Song intensity of trilling species is positively correlated to male size and usually to temperature, rainfall, and soil moisture (BennetClarke 1970a; Ulagaraj 1976; Forrest 1980; Forrest 1983; Forrest 1991).”
BackgroundGraaf, J. D., Schoeman, A. S., & Brandenburg, R. (2004) · Florida Entomologist · doi:10.1653/0015-4040(2004)087[0130:sdogag]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Larger males of Scapteriscus spp. produce louder calls and attract more females (Forrest 1980, 1983, 1991), while larger Scapteriscus spp. females produce three times more offspring and 1.5 times as many eggs per clutch than smaller females (Forrest 1986).”
BackgroundInfluentialMeasuring the Efficiency of Sound Production
Prestwich, K. N. (2007) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/509238 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Insect Bioacoustics and Biotremology
Wessel, A., Ehlers, S., McCravy, K. W., & Thomas, J. A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-83460-8_2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dingle, H. (2014) · Migration · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199640386.003.0009 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Dingle, H. (2014) · Migration · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199640386.003.0010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dingle, H. (2014) · Migration · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199640386.003.0001 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sound reception and radiation in a small insectPreprint
Mhatre, N., Montealgre-Z, F., Balakrishnan, R., et al. (2012) · HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Behavioral and life-history variability in migration
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Migration, winds, and currents
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Evolutionary genetics of migration
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Cole, J. A., & Funk, D. H. (2019) · Journal of Orthoptera Research · doi:10.3897/jor.28.30143 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“, a behavior that may improve broadcast by reducing destructive interference due to sound radiation to the rear of the insect (Forrest 1982, 1991, Greenfield 2002).”
BackgroundPanaram, K. (2007) · UTA ResearchCommons (University of Texas Arlington) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
SEASONAL AND NIGHTLY VARIATION IN GLYCOGEN RESERVES OF CALLING GRAY TREEFROGS
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On the significance of song amplitude in birds – function, mechanisms, and ontogeny
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Polymorphisms and polyphenisms
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Methods for studying migration
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Summing up and future directions
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Patterns in migratory journeys
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Biomechanical and bioenergetic constraints on migration
Dingle, H. (2014) · Migration · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199640386.003.0007
Analysis and Visualisation of Very-Long-Duration Acoustic Recordings of the Natural Environment
Phillips, Y. F. (2018) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.123020
(2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-416647-9.00011-5
Introduction and plan of the book
(2014) · Migration · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199640386.002.0006
(2014) · Migration · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199640386.002.0003
(2014) · Migration · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199640386.002.0004
Talking Back: Sending Soil Vibration Signals to Lekking Prairie Mole Cricket Males1
Hill, P. S. M., & Shadley, J. R. (2001) · American Zoologist · doi:10.1668/0003-1569(2001)041[1200:tbssvs]2.0.co;2
“…own calls (Greenfield and Minckley, 1993; Greenfield, 1997), and thus would be without the potential to assess others’ signals during the interval between chirps, are not known to interact with near neighbors or be sensitive to substrate vibrations or disturbance during calling (Forrest, 1991).”
Background
- Authors
- Forrest, T. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Forrest, T. G.
- Venue
- Behavioral Ecology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 327-338
- ISSN
- 1045-2249 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-7279
- OpenAlex
- W2085759137
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 5.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioral Ecology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Orthoptera Research and Taxonomy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology › Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Keywords
- acoustic power output, Scapteriscus, mole crickets, tree crickets, soil moisture, sound radiation pattern, acoustic communication, male calling behavior
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