CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 602Genomics and Phylogenetic StudiesMicrobial Community Ecology and PhysiologyGut microbiota and health

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 181 of the 184 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Current challenges and best-practice protocols for microbiome analysis

Open access
Bharti, Richa, Grimm, Dominik G·2021·Briefings in Bioinformatics
DOI 10.1093/bib/bbz155PMC PMC7820839
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Analyzing the microbiome of diverse species and environments using next-generation sequencing techniques has significantly enhanced our understanding on metabolic, physiological and ecological roles of environmental microorganisms. However, the analysis of the microbiome is affected by experimental conditions (e.g. sequencing errors and genomic repeats) and computationally intensive and cumbersome downstream analysis (e.g. quality control, assembly, binning and statistical analyses). Moreover, the introduction of new sequencing technologies and protocols led to a flood of new methodologies, which also have an immediate effect on the results of the analyses. The aim of this work is to review the most important workflows for 16S rRNA sequencing and shotgun and long-read metagenomics, as well as to provide best-practice protocols on experimental design, sample processing, sequencing, assembly, binning, annotation and visualization. To simplify and standardize the computational analysis, we provide a set of best-practice workflows for 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing data (available at https://github.com/grimmlab/MicrobiomeBestPracticeReview).

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/bib/bbz155

Cites

181 of 181 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 An illustration of targeted amplicon and metagenomic sequencing approaches. A schematic overview demonstrating diverse sample types along with commonly utilized sequencing platforms, as well as systematic and stepwise data processing steps.
Figure 1 An illustration of targeted amplicon and metagenomic sequencing approaches. A schematic overview demonstrating diverse sample types along with commonly utilized sequencing platforms, as well as systematic and stepwise data processing steps.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 A schematic overview outlining various experimental and computational challenges associated with 16S rRNA-based and shotgun metagenomic sequencing.
Figure 2 A schematic overview outlining various experimental and computational challenges associated with 16S rRNA-based and shotgun metagenomic sequencing.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Major short-read and long-read sequencing technologies. (A) Illumina sequencing involves initial trimming, adenylation of the blunt ends and ligation of specific adapters to DNA molecules. Following this library, fragments are amplified in situ on flow cell surfaces through bridge amplification and produce sequencing clusters. Finally, reversible dye terminator sequencing step is implemented where single-nucleotide addition reactions and presence of blocking group at the 3′-OH (of the ribose moiety) help to identify sequencing clusters through a reporter fluorescent signal. (B) PacBio sequencing involves a circular consensus sequencing (CCS) SMRTbell technique. Herein, ligation of hairpin adapters to each end of a duplex DNA molecule forms a closed loop, which is sequenced in a zero-mode waveguide (ZMW), fluorescence-based readout of nucleotide incorporation. Each strand in the duplex DNA is sequenced together in multiple passes, and the consensus sequences from both strands are incorporated. (C) Nanopore sequencing involves ligation of hairpin adapters at one end of duplex DNA molecule before initiating nanopore sequencing of the linked original DNA strands. The blockades in ionic current through the nanopore are optimally quantified as DNA base sequences.
Figure 3 Major short-read and long-read sequencing technologies. (A) Illumina sequencing involves initial trimming, adenylation of the blunt ends and ligation of specific adapters to DNA molecules. Following this library, fragments are amplified in situ on flow cell surfaces through bridge amplification and produce sequencing clusters. Finally, reversible dye terminator sequencing step is implemented where single-nucleotide addition reactions and presence of blocking group at the 3′-OH (of the ribose moiety) help to identify sequencing clusters through a reporter fluorescent signal. (B) PacBio sequencing involves a circular consensus sequencing (CCS) SMRTbell technique. Herein, ligation of hairpin adapters to each end of a duplex DNA molecule forms a closed loop, which is sequenced in a zero-mode waveguide (ZMW), fluorescence-based readout of nucleotide incorporation. Each strand in the duplex DNA is sequenced together in multiple passes, and the consensus sequences from both strands are incorporated. (C) Nanopore sequencing involves ligation of hairpin adapters at one end of duplex DNA molecule before initiating nanopore sequencing of the linked original DNA strands. The blockades in ionic current through the nanopore are optimally quantified as DNA base sequences.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Best-practice protocol for the acquisition and analysis of targeted amplicon and shotgun metagenomics data from sequencing to functional annotation. The basic flow of experimental steps followed by downstream preprocessing and analysis steps is shown. At each step, the optimal tools utilized during the process are shown as well. All scripts are available at https://github.com/grimmlab/MicrobiomeBestPracticeReview.
Figure 4 Best-practice protocol for the acquisition and analysis of targeted amplicon and shotgun metagenomics data from sequencing to functional annotation. The basic flow of experimental steps followed by downstream preprocessing and analysis steps is shown. At each step, the optimal tools utilized during the process are shown as well. All scripts are available at https://github.com/grimmlab/MicrobiomeBestPracticeReview.CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 184 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Bowtie, 2010, Chapter 11:Unit, 11, 17
  2. al, 2018, Metagenomics
  3. Mitra, 2019, Evolutionary Genomics. Methods in Molecular Biology

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 602

Related

Metadata

Authors
Bharti, R., & Grimm, D. G.
Affiliations
Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences (DE)
Corresponding author
Grimm, Dominik G
ORCID
Venue
Briefings in Bioinformatics
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2019-12-18
Volume
22
Issue
1
Pages
178-193
ISSN
  • 1467-5463 (ISSN-L)
  • 1477-4054
DOI
10.1093/bib/bbz155
PMC
PMC7820839
OpenAlex
W2995649573
Cited by
592
References
184
Citations by year
2026: 91 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 10
FWCI
3.61
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Briefings in Bioinformatics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
  • mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Keywords
microbiome analysis, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, shotgun metagenomics, long-read metagenomics, best practice protocol, sample processing, sequencing quality control, metagenome assembly, metagenome binning, functional annotation, data visualization, experimental design
MeSH terms
Animals, Humans, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Metagenomics, DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic, Microbiota

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review