Mindfulness-based interventions: an overall review
Zhang, Dexing, Lee, Eric K P, Mak, Eva C W, Ho, C Y, Wong, Samuel Y S·2021·British Medical Bulletin
Cited by (669)
Items 301–400 of 669
- Online mindfulness interventions in the care of people with physical and mental health conditions: a scoping reviewVjura Senthilnathan, Susan Zahir, Robert Simpson, Susan Brenda Jaglal, B. Catharine Craven, Mary-Jo Fetterly, Laure Perrier, Sarah Munce · 2025 · BMJ Open
- Interoceptive Awareness, Mental Health Conditions, and Self-Harm among Youth: A Response Surface AnalysisDiyang Qu, Liying Che, Yanlin Zhou, Mei Yu, Anni Zhu, Yifan Qin, Junkang Lin, Yi Feng, Runsen Chen · 2025 · Heart and Mind
- Evaluation of a PILOT School-Based Mindfulness Program in Primary EducationMatej Hrabovský, Iveta Kovalčíková · 2025 · Education Sciences
- Birdsongs and audio‐guided mindful breathing: Comparable sadness‐reducing effects in the labXuanyi Wang, Tian Lu, Wanlin Chen, Zheng Jing, Hang Chen, Shulin Chen · 2025 · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being
- The association of mindfulness with athletes’ fear of failure: the mediating roles of perfectionism and ego-depletionZhangyi Zhong, Hongyu Jiang, Huilin Wang · 2025 · Frontiers in Public Health
- Supportive Interventions for Deprescribing in Adult Mental Healthcare: A Narrative ReviewOlga Tchijevitch, Frederik Alkier Gildberg, Søren Birkeland · 2025 · Issues in Mental Health Nursing
- AI-enhanced, digital psychosocial interventions for pediatric developmental disabilities: A scoping reviewShima Salahshoor, Kalyn Marie Renbarger · 2025 · Journal of Pediatric Nursing
- Effects of a nurse-led mindfulness-based intervention on stress and emotional well-being in hospitalized school-aged children: a mixed-methods quasi-experimental studyNourah Alsadaan, Osama Mohamed Elsayed Ramadan · 2025 · BMC Pediatrics
- Asian American Women’ Experiences and Perceptions of Physical Activity: A Systematic Review of the Qualitative EvidenceJingxi Sheng, Sang Qin · 2025 · Western Journal of Nursing Research
- Too mindful to be bored? A dynamic lens on state mindfulness among hospitality frontline employeesYuting Fan, Xingyu Wang, Jingwen Yan, Deniz Küçükusta · 2025 · Tourism Management
- Do brief mindfulness-based interventions improve sport-related performance? A systematic reviewShudian Cao, Yuantao Cheng, Jia Liu, Zhiliang Wang · 2026 · Frontiers in Public Health
- Mapping the Buddhist Mind: A Scoping Review of Mental Factors and Their Therapeutic Potential in Mental HealthAndrew Boxer, Frances Shawyer, Ian Coghlan, Graham Nicholas Meadows · 2026 · Mindfulness
- Brief Virtual Reality and Mixed Reality Mindfulness Breathing Exercise for Emotional Well-Being and Cognitive Functions in University Students: Within-Subjects Experimental Design StudyZoey K.Y. Eun, Charmaine Koh, Hwajin Yang, Adalia Y.H. Goh, Meilan Hu, K. T. A. Sandeeshwara Kasturiratna, Andree Hartanto · 2026 · JMIR XR and spatial computing.
- A Stratified Randomized Controlled Trial of Mindfulness Training on Endurance Performance: Moderating Role of Frontal Alpha Asymmetry Response to DistressDong-Tai Chen, Jui‐Ti Nien, Hsueh‐Chih Chen, Diane L. Gill, Yun-Rui Yang, Wei-Li Hsieh, Tsung‐Min Hung, Yu‐Kai Chang · 2026 · Mindfulness
- Understanding how adolescents engage in mindfulness-based intervention: a mixed methods study of engagement processesMegan J. Moran, Talia Thompson, Michelle Harmon, Addie J. Rzonca, Rachel G. Lucas‐Thompson, Melissa DeJonkheere, Timothy C. Guetterman, Lauren B. Shomaker · 2026 · Current Psychology
- Terapias de Terceira Geração nas Perturbações PsicóticasMatilde Gomes, NATÁLIA GONÇALVES DE ALBUQUERQUE FERNANDES · 2022 · Revista Portuguesa de Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental
- Associations of Momentary Mindfulness With Affect and Cannabis Desire in a Trial of Cannabis Use Interventions With and Without Momentary AssessmentLydia A. Shrier, Sion Kim Harris · 2022 · Journal of Adolescent Health
- Effectiveness of Brief Mindfulness-based Intervention among Students with High Neuroticism based on Peripheral Physiological Data: A Preliminary StudyNik Amalia Nadirah Nik Rashidi, Lila Iznita Izhar, Patrick Sebastian, Irraivan Elamvazuthi, Syahril Anuar Idris · 2022 · IEEE International Symposium in Robotics and Manufacturing Automation (ROMA)
- Supporting Medical Student Wellness During a Pandemic: A Pilot Study of an Extra-Curricular Resilience-Promotion ProgramLeslie Solomonian, Lachlan Crawford, Shakila Mohmand, Sasha Monteiro, Teresa Neves · 2023 · CAND Journal
- Psychophysiological stress response after a 6-week Mindful Self-Compassion training in psychiatric rehabilitation inpatients: a randomized post-test only studyAndrea Andorfer, Sabina Kraler, Paul Kaufmann, Ewald Pollheimer, Christoph Spah, Jürgen Fuchshuber, Christian Rominger, Claudia Traunmüller, Andreas Richard Schwerdtfeger, Human‐Friedrich Unterrainer · 2023 · Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Contextualising an online mindfulness-based intervention for young people with cancer: A qualitative studySheeja Perumbil Pathrose, Jonny Wells, Pandora Patterson, Fiona Mcdonald, Bronwyn Everett, Jane Maria Ussher, Yenna Salamonson, Gina M. Biegel, Nguyen Dinh Tho, Lucie Michelle Ramjan · 2023 · Collegian Journal of the Royal College of Nursing Australia
- The effect of emotion recognition and mindfulness on depression symptoms: A case–control studyOrkun Aydın, Selma Tvrtković, Elif Çakıroğlu, Pınar Ünal‐Aydın, Ayşen Esen Danacı · 2023 · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology
- The effectiveness of mindfulness training on social adjustment, self-esteem, and hope among transgender individuals in TehranSavafi Sepideh, Saeideh Bazzāziān, Sirtori Cesare R · 2024 · Journal of Neurology Neurological Science and Disorders
- Patient Perspectives on Mindfulness-Based Interventions During Hospitalization for Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: An Exploratory Interview StudyHannah Tschenett, Georg‐Christian Funk, Florian Vafai-Tabrizi, Urs Markus Nater · 2024 · Mindfulness
- Optimal Dosage and Session Structure of Mindfulness-Based Programming for Youth Across Developmental Periods: Delphi Approach OutcomesJoshua C. Felver, Emily C. Helminen, Mary Katherine A. Schutt, Emily L. Cary, Deborah L. Schussler, Rebecca N. Baelen, Laura Feagans Gould, Robert W. Roeser · 2024 · ECNU Review of Education
- Skilled metacognitive self-regulation toward interpretive norms: a non-relativist basis for the social constitution of mental health and illnessTadeusz Wieslaw Zawidzki · 2024 · Synthese
- The Effects of Mindfulness Training in the Physical Education on Intention to Physical Activity, Mental Health and Academic Performance among High-School StudentsAbolfazl Khanbeiki · 2024 · Physical activity in children.
- Dancing With Difficulty: A Qualitative Study on Management of Emergent Difficulties in Mindfulness Group SessionsRachael B. Miller · 2024 · Journal of Humanistic Psychology
- Mindfulness as a Way to Enhance Academic ResilienceMeral Çapar · 2024 · Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series
- Tele-Mindfulness Program for Mental Health in Previously Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A quasi-experimental studyGiada Milani, Luigi Zerbinati, Luigi Grassi, Giulia Fregna, Nicola Schincaglia, Andrea Baroni, Nicola Lamberti, Fabio Manfredini, Sofía Straudi · 2024 · Advances in Rehabilitation Science and Practice
- Mindfulness and Organizational Well-BeingJames Kanda, Parveen Singh Kalsi, Reena Rani · 2025 · Advances in human resources management and organizational development book series
- The Mediating Role of Mindful Attention Awareness in the Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Cognitive Flexibility Among Pre-service TeachersTasaduk Musood, Birender Kaur · 2025 · MIER Journal of Educational Studies Trends & Practices
- Cultivating Resilience: Meta-Analysis of Mindfulness-Based Training for Nurse Stress and Burnout MitigationJiaoling Du, Rumei Sha, Ying Wang · 2025 · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services
- Mindfulness in Psychosocial Research: An Integrative Literature Review of What is Studied and HowPhilippine Chachignon, Emmanuelle Le Barbenchon, Lionel Dany · 2025 · International Review of Social Psychology
- A Scoping Review of Mindfulness-Based and Arts-Based Parenting Interventions for Adolescent MothersVivian Oystrick, Diana A. Coholic, Robert Joel Schinke · 2023 · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal
- Effects of Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction Program on Perceived Stress, Internalized Stigma, and Psychological Well-being in Psychiatric InpatientsJin Kyeong Ko, Ji Young Kim · 2023 · Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing
- The Impact of Stress on Academic Performance: Strategies for High School Students2023 · International Journal of Psychiatry
- Mindfulness and Its Role in Youth Mental Health in SchoolsSilvia Majercakova Albertova · 2024 · Advances in mental health and addiction
- Mindfulness Training, Cognitive Performance and Stress ReductionGary B. Charness, Yves Le Bihan, Marie Claire Villeval · 2023 · SSRN Electronic Journal
- Default mode network anti-correlation as a transdiagnostic biomarker of cognitive functionVaibhav Tripathi, Ishaan Batta, Andre Zamani, Daniel Andrew Atad, Sneha Sheth, Jiahe Zhang, Tor Dessart Wager, Susan Whitfield, Lucina Q. Uddin, Ruchika Shaurya Prakash et al. · 2024
- Long-term mindfulness meditators exhibit increased spontaneous occurrence of brain states involving sensory and attention networksDaniel Yochai Panitz, Avi Mendelsohn, Joana Cabral, Aviva Berkovich‐Ohana · 2023 · Research Square
- Holistic Care for Cancer and DisabilityVijay Bahadur Singh, Aniruddha Sen, Amisha Yadav · 2025 · Springer eBooks
- Rethinking Practice in Mindfulness-Based Interventions: A Theoretical Model of How Formal Practice, Informal Practice, Practice Quality, and Dispositional Mindfulness Interact Over TimeMarcelo Demarzo · 2026 · Qeios
- The Association Between Mindfulness Facets and Substance Use
<i>via</i>
Emotional Psychopathology and Coping Motives in Argentinian College StudentsPilatti, Angelina, Correa, Pablo, Michelini, Yanina, Bravo, Adrian J., Pacini, Gianpiero, Pautassi, Ricardo M. · 2024 · Substance Use & Misuse
- Efficacy and feasibility of the minimal therapist-guided four-week online audio-based mindfulness program ‘Mindful Senses’ for burnout and stress reduction in medical personnel: A randomized controlled trialLuangapichart, Pavinee, Saisavoey, Nattha, Viravan, Natee · 2022
- Utilizing a mindfulness application in the nursing classroomAnne Marie Flatekval · 2022 · Reflective Practice
- Perceptions of mindfulness practices as a support for individuals managing caregiving responsibilities and chronic disease: A qualitative studyNathan T. West, Brook E. Harmon, Kristen E. Rawlett, Sarah J. Short, Adam J. Spanier, Shifali Mathews, Katrina Kimble, Chad McGehee, Macy Lawrence Ratliff, Robin C. Puett · 2023 · Chronic Illness
- Emotion Regulation in Pain : Developing Effective Interventions for Patients with Pain and Emotional DistressMartin Södermark · 2023 · Linköping University medical dissertations
- HARMONIZING HEALING: THE VITAL ROLE OF INTEGRATED YOGA AND WELLNESS THERAPY IN CANCER CARE – A CONCISE OVERVIEWAnantha Krishna B S, Praveen Kumar Sheelam · 2023 · International journal of Indian medicine
- The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in Improving Dental AnxietySara Tavasi, Jamileh Mohtashami, Maleki Sedigheh · 2023 · Knowledge of Nursing Journal
- Mindfulness Practice and Expressions of Wellness: Experiences of Doctoral Counselor Education and Supervision StudentsAdrienne S. Baggs, Odelia Duhel, Erin Justice, Fanita Henderson · 2024 · Journal of Creativity in Mental Health
- Existential Distress at the End of LifeBetty Ferrell, Tami R. Borneman · 2024 · Springer eBooks
- Social work education and burnout prevention: a systematic review of published researchAmelia Seraphia Derr, Susan Marie Bourgerie · 2024 · Social Work Education
- Mindfulness meditation among South African psychologists: a pathway to ‘being’ amid existential suffering in contemporary South AfricaCiara Korving, Nicholas Munro · 2024 · South African Journal of Psychology
- Mindfulness and physical health among college students: A latent profile analysisMatthew E. Jaurequi, Hayley Love, Sarah Taylor, Autumn Barnes · 2025 · Journal of American College Health
- From strain to strength: a yearlong study on the transformative influence of inner engineering online program on mental well-beingAshwin Swaminathan, Braiden DeSchryver, Akila Rayapuraju, Julianna Barbaro, Hibiki Orui, Balachundhar Subramaniam, Preeti Upadhyay Reed · 2025 · Frontiers in Psychology
- The Effect of Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Pain and Quality of Sleep in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis: An Experimental StudyHossam N. Alhawatmeh, Areen I. Albustanji, Issa M. Hweidi · 2025 · Mindfulness
- Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Function in Infectious DiseasesYogesh Kanna Sathyamoorthy, Vithya Thirumoorthi, Ranjit Singha · 2025 · Advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and care (AMDTC) book series
- Optimizing chemotherapy outcomes: The role of mindfulness in Epirubicin treatment for urinary tumorsPouria Abolfazli, Cristina Nkene Apue Nchama, Brandon Peter Lucke-Wold · 2025 · World Journal of Psychiatry
- Dentisterie inspirée et inspirante : Dr Cloé Brami & Médecine intégrativeC. Mocquot · 2025 · Hegel
- Minding Well-Being: Validation of the Mindfulness-Based Strategic Awareness Training (MBSAT) for Non-Clinical PopulationsEva Katharina Peters, Samantha Su-Hsien Sim, Jochen Matthias Reb, Juan Humberto Young, Monika Elser Young · 2025 · Mindfulness
- Barriers and Facilitators to Meditation: Empirical Research QualitativeAngela Cheng, Xanthe Lea, Alice G. Shires · 2025 · OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine
- Effect of Mindfulness Meditation on Sensory Perception and Emotional Evaluation of Mid-Air Touch on the ForearmMadhan Kumar Vasudevan, Dario Pittera, Antonio Cataldo, Marianna Obrist · 2025 · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing
- Roots and Shoots: A Pilot Parallel Randomised Controlled Trial Assessing the Feasibility and Acceptability of a Nature-Based Self-Help Intervention for Low WellbeingMatthew Owens, Chloe Houghton, Paige Beattie, Hannah L. I. Bunce · 2025 · Behavioral Sciences
- Effects of Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Sexual Health in Menopause: A Systematic ReviewEslem Altıntaş, Güzin Ünlü Suvari, Ümran Öskay · 2025 · International Journal of Sexual Health
- Exploring Visceral Body Scan, Somatosensory Body Scan, and External Meditation: A Randomized Controlled Pilot StudyLorena Desdentado, Marta Miragall, Ausiàs Cebolla, Roberto Lloréns, Catherine I. Andreu, Diana Burychka, Reneta Slavkova, Rosa Baños · 2025 · Mindfulness
- Toward a Brain Network Science of MindfulnessIsaac N. Treves, Clemens C. C. Bauer, Matthew D. Sacchet, Keara D. Greene, Aviva Berkovich‐Ohana, Susan Whitfield · 2025 · Springer eBooks
- The Impact of Neurofeedback and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Chinese Students’ Social, Emotional, and Academic AdjustmentMeng Liu · 2025 · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
- Mindfulness Interventions in Low-Income Schools: A Scoping Review of Implementation Barriers and FacilitatorsCourtney Ober, Aidyn L. Iachini, Robert Hock · 2025 · Mindfulness
- Making a Planetary Health Case for Whole Person HealthChristine M. Vatovec · 2025 · Global Advances in Integrative Medicine and Health
- The Need for Mindfulness in the Arab-Bedouin Community in Israel: Recommendations for Cultural and Context-Informed AdaptationsRaghda Alnabilsy, Shiran Israel, Inbal Soroker, Nava Levit‐Binnun · 2025 · Mindfulness
- The impact of systematic guided meditation on writing self-efficacy, achievement, and perceptions: A quasi-experimental investigation focusing on breathing, music, and monolingual affirmationsSevcan Bayraktar Çepni, Şakire Erbay Çetinkaya · 2025 · Moderna Språk
- Why mindfulness matters in musculoskeletal therapies: a narrative reviewPeter Bablis, Ryan R. Day, Sophia Bablis, Henry P. Pollard · 2025 · Frontiers in Psychology
- Effectiveness of a Novel Multidimensional Group Intervention to Enhance Subjective Cognitive and Psychosocial Functioning in Healthy Older AdultsAndreas Chadjikyprianou, Fofi Constantinidou · 2025 · Journal of Aging and Health
- Bibliometric Analysis of Metabolic Bariatric Surgery and Mental Health Outcomes: a Comprehensive OverviewYuhan Chen, Wenrui Yang, Peng Xiong · 2025 · Obesity Surgery
- Effects of non-pharmacological interventions in patients with cancer-related cognitive impairment: A meta-analysisZeyin Xin, Jiaming Li, Yibin Hu, Haoran Zhang, Tinglan Liu, Zhiyi Xiong, Chongyang Sun, Cheng-Yi Sun, Hua Song, Lili Qin et al. · 2025 · International Journal of Nursing Studies
- Teaching Mindfulness-Based Programs online: perceived costs and benefitsAlison M. Burton, Rebecca Susan Crane, Gemma Maria Griffith · 2025 · BMC Psychology
- What participants think about learning Mindfulness-Based Programs onlineA. Mike Burton, Bridgette O’Neill, Gemma Maria Griffith · 2025 · BMC Psychology
- Hidden challenges: nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's diseaseSachchida Nand, Payal Singh, Falguni Goel · 2025 · Elsevier eBooks
- Trauma, multimorbidity, and functional resilience in U.S. veteransAtreya Manaswi, Alina Yang, Ian C. Fischer, Peter Jongho Na, Robert H. Pietrzak · 2025 · Journal of Psychiatric Research
- Exploring within and between associations of momentary mindfulness and emotion regulation and the moderating effects of mental health among adolescentsReagan L. Miller‐Chagnon, Mark A. Prince, Shelley A. Haddock, Toni Schindler Zimmerman · 2026 · Journal of Research on Adolescence
- Effect of a Universal Mindfulness Program on Well-Being in Adolescents: A Cluster Randomized Controlled TrialJemina Qvick, Mirka Hintsanen, Tero J. Vahlberg, Salla‐Maarit Volanen · 2026 · Journal of Happiness Studies
- 东方正念的心理治疗机制与神经基础K. T. Wu · 2026 · Advances in Psychological Science
- Mindfulness and the brain: A systematic review of neuroimaging evidence on structural and functional connectivityMamta Trichal · 2026 · Advances in Integrative Medicine
- Exploring the impact of mindfulness training on mitigating workplace burnout: a mediated analysis incorporating job satisfactionNupur Chhaniwal, Lena Ramirez · 2026 · European journal of training and development
- Quality of Life, Healthcare Use and Cost of Practice From a Nationally-Representative Australian Survey to Inform Future Economic Evaluations of Contemplative PracticesCate Bailey, Nicholas T. Van Dam, Jonathan Nicholas Davies, Chris G. Schilling, Julieta Galante · 2026 · Mindfulness
- The Impacts of Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) on Teachers’ Mindfulness, Mindful Teaching, and Self-Efficacy: A Systematic ReviewAlireza Zareian Jahromi, Joshua L. Brown, Patricia A. Jennings · 2026 · Mindfulness
- The Impact of Mindfulness Interventions on the Well‐Being of Intensive Care, Emergency Department and Anaesthesia Staff: A Systematic ReviewAmanda Zahumensky, Varinporn Amporndanai, Jane Orbell‐Smith, Yogesh Apte, Dylan Flaws · 2026 · Nursing in Critical Care
- Effectiveness of BHATIN (Behavior-Tailored Intervention) for Self-Care Management and Clinical Biomarkers Among Patients with Hypertension: A Quasi Experimental StudyAndi Mayasari Usman, Cecep Eli Kosasih, Iqbal Pramukti, Yulia Sofiatin, Rian Adi Pamungkas · 2026 · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare
- Synchronous Online Group MBCT vs. Guided Asynchronous Online MBCT for Mild to Moderate Depression: A Randomized Clinical TrialJan Wardęszkiewicz, Paweł Holas, Gerhard Andersson · 2026 · Mindfulness
- Impact of mindfulness on job burnout, perceived stress, and workplace stressors among fever clinic nurses: a structural equation modeling approachDandan Zhang, Yongjun Chen, Yitong Jia, Qingqing Liao, Lichun Huang, Shuangyan Yi · 2026 · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
- Recalibrating stress regulation through mindfulness: a framework for adapting interventions for ACE-affected populationsNatalie R. Beylin, Matthew Jason Zawadzki · 2026 · Frontiers in Psychology
- Coping strategies and psychological well-being among teachers experiencing victimizationRugilė Bitinaitė, Aistė Diržytė, Namgyal Lhamo, Valdonė Indrašienė, Violeta Jegelevičienė, Odeta Merfeldaitė, Jolanta Pivorienė, Romas Prakapas, Asta Railienė, Daiva Penkauskienė et al. · 2026 · Frontiers in Education
- Mindfulness exercise and quality of life among nursing students: the mediating roles of self-control and internet addictionYanqing Yan, Qiuxian Ye, Taiping Li, Yafei Yuan, Jifeng Dong · 2026 · BMC Nursing
- Efficacy of a Digital Nonattachment-Based Intervention for Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms: A Randomised Controlled TrialLindsay Tremblay, William Van Gordon, James Elander · 2026 · Mindfulness
- Technology-based psychosocial education for cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysisIce Septriani Saragih, Huey‐Ming Tzeng, Irwan Susanto, Ita Daryanti Saragih · 2026 · Journal of research in nursing
- Effects of mindfulness and mindful eating on food intake and appetite: a systematic review and meta-analysisKhaleda Ahmadyar, Qing Zhang, Danielle Ferriday, Elanor C. Hinton, Eric Robinson, Andrew Jones, Angeliki Bogosian, Ge Chen, Katy Tapper · 2026 · Clinical Psychology Review
- Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Apps in Mitigating Psychological Distress Among Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisJou-Ting Lin, Jia-Ning Syu, Esther Ching‐Lan Lin · 2026 · Mindfulness
- Mindfulness based interventions for blood pressure reduction: systematic and umbrella review of existing meta-analysesEric Kam Pui Lee, S B Wang, Sze Nok Ng, Sofia Wong, Yannis Chan, Kendy Lau, Samuel Yeung-Shan Wong, Eric B. Loucks · 2026 · Journal of Human Hypertension
- Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Psychological Stress in Medical Students: A Systematic ReviewAna Leonor Couto, Daniel Humberto Pozza, Ricardo João Teixeira, Isaura Tavares · 2026 · Healthcare