Mindfulness-based interventions: an overall review
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: This is an overall review on mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs). Sources of data: We identified studies in PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, AMED, Web of Science and Google Scholar using keywords including ‘mindfulness’, ‘meditation’, and ‘review’, ‘meta-analysis’ or their variations. Areas of agreement: MBIs are effective for improving many biopsychosocial conditions, including depression, anxiety, stress, insomnia, addiction, psychosis, pain, hypertension, weight control, cancer-related symptoms and prosocial behaviours. It is found to be beneficial in the healthcare settings, in schools and workplace but further research is warranted to look into its efficacy on different problems. MBIs are relatively safe, but ethical aspects should be considered. Mechanisms are suggested in both empirical and neurophysiological findings. Cost-effectiveness is found in treating some health conditions. Areas of controversy: Inconclusive or only preliminary evidence on the effects of MBIs on PTSD, ADHD, ASD, eating disorders, loneliness and physical symptoms of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and respiratory conditions. Furthermore, some beneficial effects are not confirmed in subgroup populations. Cost-effectiveness is yet to confirm for many health conditions and populations. Growing points: Many mindfulness systematic reviews and meta-analyses indicate low quality of included studies, hence high-quality studies with adequate sample size and longer follow-up period are needed. Areas timely for developing research: More research is needed on online mindfulness trainings and interventions to improve biopsychosocial health during the COVID-19 pandemic; Deeper understanding of the mechanisms of MBIs integrating both empirical and neurophysiological findings; Long-term compliance and effects of MBIs; and development of mindfulness plus (mindfulness+) or personalized mindfulness programs to elevate the effectiveness for different purposes.
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There is no definite conclusion on whether mindfulness should be adopted as a formal intervention for PTSD.
“Although preliminary evidence is available, there is no definite conclusion on whether mindfulness should be adopted as a formal intervention for PTSD [37].”
From Effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for Chinese adults with PTSD symptoms: protocol for a randomised controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [37]
Mindfulness-based approaches have demonstrated benefits for a range of mental health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, and stress.
“Mindfulness-based approaches have increasingly been used as psychological interventions, with demonstrated benefits for a range of mental health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, and stress [3].”
From Examining the Use of Virtual Reality to Support Mindfulness Skills Practice in Mood and Anxiety Disorders: Mixed Methods Study (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
Conceptual models of psychopathology and prominent perspectives on MBIs have consistently proposed key underlying psychological processes such as emotion regulation and mindfulness skills.
“Conceptual models of psychopathology and prominent perspectives on MBIs have consistently proposed certain key underlying psychological processes, such as emotion regulation and mindfulness skills [5,24,42,43,44,45,48,50,63,64,65,66].”
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Mindfulness in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review and Narrative Analysis
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Mindfulness-based stress reduction can alleviate cancer- related fatigue: A meta-analysis
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“20]),59 especially among lung cancer patients.(60) Apart from CRF, a range of other outcomes such as improvements in sleep disturbances, pain and other psychological symptoms including anxiety, depression, fear of cancer recurrence were also found in another systematic review and metaanalysis.”
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The Effect of Mindfulness Practice on Aggression and Violence Levels in Adults: A Systematic Review
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A systematic review of randomized trials of mind-body interventions for PTSD
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A Meta-Analysis of Mindfulness-Based Therapies for Insomnia and Sleep Disturbance
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Autism and Mind–Body Therapies: A Systematic Review
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Effectiveness of meditative movement on COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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The Deeper Teachings of Mindfulness-Based ‘Interventions’ as a Reconstruction of ‘Education’
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Mindfulness interventions for psychosis: a systematic review of the literature
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Mindfulness-based eating disorder prevention programs: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Meditation Benefits and Drawbacks: Empirical Codebook and Implications for Teaching
Anderson, T., Suresh, M., & Farb, N. A. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-018-00119-y · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Meditation and telomere length: a meta-analysis
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Mindfulness, Mechanisms and Meaning: Perspectives From the Cognitive Neuroscience of Addiction
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A natural meditation setting improves compliance with mindfulness training
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The Insight Knowledge of Fear and Adverse Effects of Mindfulness Practices
Anālayo, B. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01198-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Meditation for asthma: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Paudyal, P., Jones, C. J., Grindey, C., Dawood, R., & Smith, H. E. (2017) · Journal of Asthma · doi:10.1080/02770903.2017.1365887 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
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Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Weight Loss and CVD Risk Management
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Meditative Movements for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
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Evidence based guidelines for mindfulness in schools: A guide for teachers and principals
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Mindfulness for Global Public Health: Critical Analysis and Agenda
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Neural Mechanisms in Cardiovascular Health and Disease
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Self-citationMindfulness-based interventions for anxiety and depression
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Mindful consumption: Its conception, measurement, and implications
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Mindfulness meditation and psychedelics: potential synergies and commonalities
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“Internet-based Mindfulness-Based Interventions (iMBIs) have also been created, including iMBCT [18, 19].”
Tao, T. J., Lim, T. K., Yeung, E. T. F., Liu, H., Shris, P. B., Lawrence, K., Lee, T. M. C., & Hou, W. K. (2023) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00809-8 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Based Interventions and the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis: A Systematic Review
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Effectiveness of workplace interventions for health promotion
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Mindfulness training, cognitive performance and stress reduction
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Telehealth Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Chronic Pain
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Mindfulness-based stress reduction group training improves of sleep quality in postmenopausal women
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Problematic Social Media Use Interventions for Mental Health Outcomes in Adolescents
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“Mindfulness-based approaches have increasingly been used as psychological interventions, with demonstrated benefits for a range of mental health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, and stress [3].”
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Can mindfulness-based interventions reduce PTSD symptoms? An umbrella review
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Mindfulness in adolescents and young adults with diabetes: An integrative review
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A Scoping Review of Culturally Adapted Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Communities of Color
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- Authors
- Zhang, D., Lee, E. K. P., Mak, E. C. W., Ho, C. Y., & Wong, S. Y. S.
- Affiliations
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Dexing
- Venue
- British Medical Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2021-04-21
- Volume
- 138
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 41-57
- ISSN
- 0007-1420 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-8391
- PMC
- PMC8083197
- OpenAlex
- W3154379476
- Cited by
- 668
- References
- 139
- Citations by year
- 2026: 129 · 2025: 231 · 2024: 142 · 2023: 108 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 10.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- British Medical Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based interventions, meditation, depression, anxiety, stress, insomnia, addiction, psychosis, pain, hypertension, weight management, cancer symptoms, prosocial behavior, post-traumatic stress disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, eating disorders, loneliness, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, respiratory diseases, cost-effectiveness, mechanisms of mindfulness, neurophysiology, COVID-19 pandemic, medication adherence
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Humans, Mindfulness
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