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Consensus on the reporting and experimental design of clinical and cognitive-behavioural neurofeedback studies (CRED-nf checklist)
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Abstract
Neurofeedback has begun to attract the attention and scrutiny of the scientific and medical mainstream. Here, neurofeedback researchers present a consensus-derived checklist that aims to improve the reporting and experimental design standards in the field.
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“This study protocol is reported according to the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials checklist (SPIRIT)22 and the Consensus on the reporting and experimental design of clinical and cognitive-behavioural neurofeedback studies (CRED-nf checklist, see online supplemental material).23”
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“The consensus on the reporting and experimental design of clinical and cognitive-behavioral neurofeedback studies (CRED-nf checklist; Ros et al., 2020) was included in the supplementary materials (S1).”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Ros et al., 2020
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ros, T., Enriquez-Geppert, S., Zotev, V., Young, K. D., Wood, G., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Wan, F., Vuilleumier, P., Vialatte, F., Van De Ville, D., Todder, D., Surmeli, T., Sulzer, J. S., Strehl, U., Sterman, M. B., Steiner, N. J., Sorger, B., Soekadar, S. R., Sitaram, R., Sherlin, L. H., Schönenberg, M., Scharnowski, F., Schabus, M., Rubia, K., Rosa, A., Reiner, M., Pineda, J. A., Paret, C., Ossadtchi, A., Nicholson, A. A., Nan, W., Minguez, J., Micoulaud-Franchi, J.-A., Mehler, D. M. A., Lührs, M., Lubar, J., Lotte, F., Linden, D. E. J., Lewis-Peacock, J. A., Lebedev, M. A., Lanius, R. A., Kübler, A., Kranczioch, C., Koush, Y., Konicar, L., Kohl, S. H., Kober, S. E., Klados, M. A., Jeunet, C., Janssen, T. W. P., Huster, R. J., Hoedlmoser, K., Hirshberg, L. M., Heunis, S., Hendler, T., Hampson, M., Guggisberg, A. G., Guggenberger, R., Gruzelier, J. H., Göbel, R. W., Gninenko, N., Gharabaghi, A., Frewen, P., Fovet, T., Fernández, T., Escolano, C., Ehlis, A.-C., Drechsler, R., Christopher deCharms, R., Debener, S., De Ridder, D., Davelaar, E. J., Congedo, M., Cavazza, M., Breteler, M. H. M., Brandeis, D., Bodurka, J., Birbaumer, N., Bazanova, O. M., Barth, B., Bamidis, P. D., Auer, T., Arns, M., & Thibault, R. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of Graz (AT)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- University of Macau (MO)
- Institut PiPsy, Draveil, France
- Institute of Bioengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
- Living Health Center for Research and Education, Istanbul, Turkey
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Stiftung Charité (DE)
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (CL)
- Ottawa University (US)
- University of Vienna (AT)
- University of Salzburg (AT)
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Lisbon (PT)
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology (IL)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- National Research University Higher School of Economics (RU)
- Shanghai Normal University (CN)
- Bitbrain®, Zaragoza, Spain
- SANPSY, USR 3413, Université Bordeaux, CHU de Bordeaux, Place Amelie Raba Leon, Bordeaux, France
- University of Münster (DE)
- University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Western University (CA)
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg (DE)
- Yale University (US)
- Medical University of Vienna (AT)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich (DE)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Brown University (US)
- Eindhoven University of Technology (NL)
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (IL)
- University Hospital of Geneva (CH)
- Goldsmiths University of London (GB)
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
- Inserm (FR)
- UNAM Institute of Neurobiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Juriquilla, Mexico
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Omneuron, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Section of Neurosurgery, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Birkbeck, University of London (GB)
- Institut polytechnique de Grenoble (FR)
- University of Greenwich (GB)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine (RU)
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
- University of Surrey (GB)
- Brainclinics (NL)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ros, Tomas
- Thibault, Robert T
- ORCID
- Ros, Tomas
- Zotev, Vadim
- Young, Kymberly D
- Wood, Guilherme
- Wan, Feng
- Vuilleumier, Patrik
- Vialatte, François
- Todder, Doron
- Sulzer, James S
- Sorger, Bettina
- Soekadar, Surjo R
- Sitaram, Ranganatha
- Sherlin, Leslie H
- Schönenberg, Michael
- Scharnowski, Frank
- Schabus, Manuel
- Rubia, Katya
- Rosa, Agostinho
- Reiner, Miriam
- Pineda, Jaime A
- Paret, Christian
- Ossadtchi, Alexei
- Nicholson, Andrew A
- Nan, Wenya
- Mehler, David M A
- Lührs, Michael
- Lotte, Fabien
- Linden, David E J
- Lebedev, Mikhail A
- Lanius, Ruth A
- Kübler, Andrea
- Kranczioch, Cornelia
- Koush, Yury
- Konicar, Lilian
- Kohl, Simon H
- Klados, Manousos A
- Jeunet, Camille
- Janssen, T W P
- Huster, Rene J
- Hoedlmoser, Kerstin
- Heunis, Stephan
- Hendler, Talma
- Hampson, Michelle
- Guggisberg, Adrian G
- Guggenberger, Robert
- Gninenko, Nicolas
- Gharabaghi, Alireza
- Frewen, Paul
- Fovet, Thomas
- Ehlis, Ann-Christine
- Drechsler, Renate
- Debener, Stefan
- Davelaar, Eddy J
- Congedo, Marco
- Cavazza, Marc
- Bodurka, Jerzy
- Birbaumer, Niels
- Bazanova, Olga M
- Barth, Beatrix
- Bamidis, Panagiotis D
- Auer, Tibor
- Arns, Martijn
- Thibault, Robert T
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-03-16
- Volume
- 143
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1674-1685
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- PMC
- PMC7296848
- OpenAlex
- W2984032218
- Cited by
- 399
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 39
- FWCI
- 26.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (acceptedVersion)
- Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich) (acceptedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Zaguan (University of Zaragoza Repository) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- TU/e Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Fonds de la recherche en santé du Québec
- Center for Bioelectric Interfaces National Research University Higher School of Economics
- Russian Federation Government (14.641.31.0003)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- neurofeedback, reporting guidelines, experimental design
- MeSH terms
- Stakeholder Participation, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Research Design, Peer Review, Research, Checklist, Neurofeedback
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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