The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Diabetes medications and risk of Parkinson’s disease: a cohort study of patients with diabetes
Open accessAbstract
The elevated risk of Parkinson’s disease in patients with diabetes might be mitigated depending on the type of drugs prescribed to treat diabetes. Population data for risk of Parkinson’s disease in users of the newer types of drugs used in diabetes are scarce. We compared the risk of Parkinson’s disease in patients with diabetes exposed to thiazolidinediones (glitazones), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors, with the risk of Parkinson’s disease of users of any other oral glucose lowering drugs. A population-based, longitudinal, cohort study was conducted using historic primary care data from The Health Improvement Network. Patients with a diagnosis of diabetes and a minimum of two prescriptions for diabetes medications between January 2006 and January 2019 were included in our study. The primary outcome was the first recording of a diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease after the index date, identified from clinical records. We compared the risk of Parkinson’s disease in individuals treated with glitazones or DPP4 inhibitors and/or GLP-1 receptor agonists to individuals treated with other antidiabetic agents using a Cox regression with inverse probability of treatment weighting based on propensity scores. Results were analysed separately for insulin users. Among 100 288 patients [mean age 62.8 years (standard deviation 12.6)], 329 (0.3%) were diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease during the median follow-up of 3.33 years. The incidence of Parkinson’s disease was 8 per 10 000 person-years in 21 175 patients using glitazones, 5 per 10 000 person-years in 36 897 patients using DPP4 inhibitors and 4 per 10 000 person-years in 10 684 using GLP-1 mimetics, 6861 of whom were prescribed GTZ and/or DPP4 inhibitors prior to using GLP-1 mimetics. Compared with the incidence of Parkinson’s disease in the comparison group (10 per 10 000 person-years), adjusted results showed no evidence of any association between the use of glitazones and Parkinson’s disease [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.17; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76–1.63; P = 0.467], but there was strong evidence of an inverse association between use of DPP4 inhibitors and GLP-1 mimetics and the onset of Parkinson’s disease (IRR 0.64; 95% CI 0.43–0.88; P < 0.01 and IRR 0.38; 95% CI 0.17–0.60; P < 0.01, respectively). Results for insulin users were in the same direction, but the overall size of this group was small. The incidence of Parkinson’s disease in patients diagnosed with diabetes varies substantially depending on the treatment for diabetes received. The use of DPP4 inhibitors and/or GLP-1 mimetics is associated with a lower rate of Parkinson’s disease compared to the use of other oral antidiabetic drugs.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“diabetic patients receiving GLP-1R agonists are associated with a lower risk of developing PD.”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [615]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Austin, P. C. (2011) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2011.568786 · Cited by 12,242
Block of A1 astrocyte conversion by microglia is neuroprotective in models of Parkinson’s disease
Yun, S. P., Kam, T.-I., Panicker, N., Kim, S., Oh, Y., Park, J.-S., Kwon, S.-H., Park, Y. J., Karuppagounder, S. S., Park, H., et al. (2018) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0051-5 · Cited by 1,123
Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease across North America
Marras, C., Beck, J. C., Bower, J. H., Roberts, E. M., Ritz, B. R., Ross, G. W., Abbott, R. D., Savica, R., Eeden, S. K. V. D., Willis, A. W., et al. (2018) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-018-0058-0 · Cited by 982
Athauda, D., Maclagan, K., Skene, S. S., Bajwa-Joseph, M., Letchford, D., Chowdhury, K., Hibbert, S., Budnik, N., Zampedri, L., Dickson, J., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31585-4 · Cited by 889 · cited 3×
“The positive markers from this population study seem to be further supported by the findings of potential disease modifying effects of two single centre phase 2 interventional studies (Aviles-Olmos et al., 2014; Athauda et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationBlak, B., Thompson, M., Dattani, H., & Bourke, A. (2011) · Journal of Innovation in Health Informatics · doi:10.14236/jhi.v19i4.820 · Cited by 630
Exenatide and the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease
Aviles-Olmos, I., Dickson, J., Kefalopoulou, Z., Djamshidian, A., Ell, P., Soderlund, T., Whitton, P., Wyse, R., Isaacs, T., Lees, A., et al. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci68295 · Cited by 529
Self-citationInsulin resistance and Parkinson’s disease: A new target for disease modification?
Athauda, D. S., & Foltynie, T. (2016) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.10.001 · Cited by 340
Self-citationHow valid is the clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease in the community?
Schrag, A. E. (2002) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.73.5.529 · Cited by 308
Motor and Cognitive Advantages Persist 12 Months After Exenatide Exposure in Parkinson’s Disease
Avilés-Olmos, I., Dickson, J. C., Kefalopoulou, Z. M., Djamshidian, A., Kahan, J., Ell, P. J., Whitton, P. S., Wyse, R. K. H., Isaacs, T., Lees, A. J., et al. (2014) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-140364 · Cited by 300
Self-citationPioglitazone in early Parkinson's disease: a phase 2, multicentre, double-blind, randomised trial
(2015) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00144-1 · Cited by 286
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- British National Formulary, 77, March
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases
Loh, J. S., Mak, W. Q., Tan, L. K. S., Ng, C. X., Chan, H. H., Yeow, S. H., Foo, J. B., Ong, Y. S., How, C. W., & Khaw, K. Y. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01743-1 · Cited by 1,193
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Beyond Their Pancreatic Effects
Zhao, X., Wang, M., Wen, Z., Lu, Z., Cui, L., Fu, C., Xue, H., Liu, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.721135 · Cited by 463
Trial of Lixisenatide in Early Parkinson’s Disease
Meissner, W. G., Remy, P., Giordana, C., Maltête, D., Derkinderen, P., Houéto, J.-L., Anheim, M., Benatru, I., Boraud, T., Brefel-Courbon, C., et al. (2024) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2312323 · Cited by 369
Kopp, K. O., Glotfelty, E. J., Li, Y., & Greig, N. H. (2022) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106550 · Cited by 298
Ramasubbu, K., & Rajeswari, V. D. (2022) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-022-04587-x · Cited by 256
Type 2 Diabetes as a Determinant of Parkinson's Disease Risk and Progression
Chohan, H., Senkevich, K., Patel, R. K., Bestwick, J. P., Jacobs, B. M., Bandres Ciga, S., Gan‐Or, Z., & Noyce, A. J. (2021) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.28551 · Cited by 228
Vijiaratnam, N., Girges, C., Auld, G., McComish, R., King, A., Skene, S. S., Hibbert, S., Wong, A., Melander, S., Gibson, R., et al. (2025) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)02808-3 · Cited by 181
Self-citationAntidiabetic agents as a novel treatment for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease
Nowell, J., Blunt, E., Gupta, D., & Edison, P. (2023) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2023.101979 · Cited by 179
Luo, A., Xie, Z., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Li, S., Yan, J., Zhan, G., Zhou, Z., Zhao, Y., & Li, S. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104642 · Cited by 169
Lipid pathway dysfunction is prevalent in patients with Parkinson’s disease
Galper, J., Dean, N. J., Pickford, R., Lewis, S. J. G., Halliday, G. M., Kim, W. S., & Dzamko, N. L. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac176 · Cited by 168
McGarry, A., Rosanbalm, S., Leinonen, M., Olanow, C. W., To, D., Bell, A., Lee, D., Chang, J., Dubow, J., Dhall, R., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00378-2 · Cited by 153
The heterogeneity of Parkinson’s disease
Wüllner, U., Borghammer, P., Choe, C., Csóti, I., Falkenburger, B. H., Gasser, T., Lingor, P., & Riederer, P. F. (2023) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-023-02635-4 · Cited by 144
The Prion-Like Spreading of Alpha-Synuclein in Parkinson’s Disease: Update on Models and Hypotheses
Jan, A., Gonçalves, N. P., Vægter, C. B., Jensen, P. H., & Ferreira, N. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22158338 · Cited by 133
Mui, J. V., Zhou, J., Lee, S., Leung, K. S. K., Lee, T. T. L., Chou, O. H. I., Tsang, S. L., Wai, A. K. C., Liu, T., Wong, W. T., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.747620 · Cited by 116
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A New Treatment in Parkinson’s Disease
Kalinderi, K., Papaliagkas, V. T., & Fidani, L. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25073812 · Cited by 122
α-Synuclein pathology as a target in neurodegenerative diseases
Park, H.-J., Kam, T., Dawson, V. L., & Dawson, T. M. (2024) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-024-01043-w · Cited by 121
Therapeutics in the Pipeline Targeting α-Synuclein for Parkinson's Disease
Jasutkar, H. G., Oh, S. E., & Mouradian, M. M. (2022) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pharmrev.120.000133 · Cited by 102
Brakedal, B., Toker, L., Haugarvoll, K., & Tzoulis, C. (2022) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-022-00280-4 · Cited by 105
Parkinson’s disease and diabetes mellitus: common mechanisms and treatment repurposing
Labandeira, C. M., Bau, A. F., Ron, D. A., Álvarez, E., Alba, P. V., Garma, J. L., & Rodriguez-Perez, A. I. (2021) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.332122 · Cited by 96
GLP-1 receptor agonists effect on cognitive function in patients with and without type 2 diabetes
Monney, M., Jornayvaz, F. R., & Gariani, K. (2023) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2023.101470 · Cited by 102
Glucose metabolism impairment in Parkinson’s disease
Dai, C., Tan, C., Zhao, L., Liang, Y., Liu, G., Liu, H., Zhong, Y., Liu, Z., Mo, L., Liu, X., et al. (2023) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110672 · Cited by 93
Alrouji, M., Al-Kuraishy, H. M., Al-Gareeb, A. I., Alexiou, A. T., Papadakis, M., Jabir, M. S., Saad, H. M., & Batiha, G. E. (2023) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.17784 · Cited by 87
Vijiaratnam, N., Girges, C., Auld, G., Chau, M., Maclagan, K., King, A., Skene, S., Chowdhury, K., Hibbert, S., Morris, H., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047993 · Cited by 84
Self-citationType 2 Diabetes and Parkinson's Disease: A Focused Review of Current Concepts
Cullinane, P. W., Pablo‐Fernández, E. D., König, A., Outeiro, T. F., Jaunmuktane, Z., & Warner, T. T. (2022) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.29298 · Cited by 78
Álvarez, M. M., Cano-Herrera, G., Martínez, M. F. O., Gonzales-Portillo, J. V., Monroy, G. R., Pérez, R. M., Torres-Ríos, J. A., van Tienhoven, X. A., Bernot, E. M. G., Salazar, F. E., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25137183 · Cited by 77
A nationwide cohort study on diabetes severity and risk of Parkinson disease
Han, K., Kim, B., Lee, S. H., & Kim, M. K. (2023) · npj Parkinson's Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-023-00462-8 · Cited by 67
Associations Between Diabetes Mellitus and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Szablewski, L. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26020542 · Cited by 80
Ferrari, F., Moretti, A., & Villa, R. F. (2022) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108277 · Cited by 63
Lin, K.-J., Wang, T., Chen, S., Lin, K.-L., Liou, C., Lan, M., Chuang, Y., Chuang, J., Wang, P., Lee, J., et al. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10121935 · Cited by 63
Cao, B., Zhang, Y., Chen, J., Wu, P., Dong, Y., & Wang, Y. (2021) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-021-00879-1 · Cited by 57
The role of nutrition on Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review
Bianchi, V. E., Rizzi, L., & Somaa, F. A. (2022) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2022.2073107 · Cited by 60
Sánchez‐Gómez, A., Díaz, Y., Duarte‐Salles, T., Compta, Y., & Martı́, M. J. (2021) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.06.002 · Cited by 54
Therapeutic application of GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonists in Parkinson’s disease
Yang, X., Feng, P., Ji, R., Ren, Y., Wei, W., & Hölscher, C. (2022) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1080/14728222.2022.2079492 · Cited by 52
Yu, H., Sun, T., He, X., Wang, Z., Zhao, K., An, J., Wen, L., Li, J., Li, W., & Feng, J. (2022) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2022.0325 · Cited by 56
Sphingolipid metabolism in brain insulin resistance and neurological diseases
Mei, M., Liu, M., Mei, Y., Zhao, J., & Li, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1243132 · Cited by 52
Martinez, A., Sánchez-Martínez, Á., Pickering, J. T., Twyning, M. J., Terriente-Félix, A., Chen, P., Chen, C., & Whitworth, A. J. (2024) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-024-00701-3 · Cited by 54
Li, Y., Glotfelty, E. J., Karlsson, T. E., Fortuno, L. V., Harvey, B. K., & Greig, N. H. (2021) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15521 · Cited by 47
Uyar, M., Lezius, S., Buhmann, C., Pötter‐Nerger, M., Schulz, R. J., Meier, S., Gerloff, C. P., Kühle, J., & Choe, C. (2022) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.29009 · Cited by 46
Parkinson’s Disease and Sugar Intake—Reasons for and Consequences of a Still Unclear Craving
Haas, J., Berg, D., Bosy‐Westphal, A., & Schaeffer, E. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14153240 · Cited by 46
Stepping up to meet the challenge of freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease
Lewis, S. J. G., Factor, S. A., Giladi, N., Nieuwboer, A., Nutt, J. G., & Hallett, M. (2022) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s40035-022-00298-x · Cited by 44
Lisco, G., Tullio, A. D., Iovino, M., Disoteo, O., Guastamacchia, E., Giagulli, V. A., & Triggiani, V. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11112993 · Cited by 51
Pablo‐Fernández, E. D., Courtney, R. J., Rockliffe, A., Gentleman, S., Holton, J. L., & Warner, T. T. (2021) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/nan.12728 · Cited by 43
Li, Z., Chen, X., Vong, J. S. L., Zhao, L., Huang, J., Yan, L. Y. C., Ip, B., Wing, Y. K., Lai, H.-M., Mok, V. C. T., et al. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02208-9 · Cited by 42
Alpha synuclein post translational modifications: potential targets for Parkinson’s disease therapy?
Brembati, V., Faustini, G., Longhena, F., & Bellucci, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2023.1197853 · Cited by 43
Tang, H., Lu, Y., Okun, M. S., Donahoo, W. T., Ramirez‐Zamora, A., Wang, F., Huang, Y., Armstrong, M. J., Svensson, M., Virnig, B. A., et al. (2024) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.29992 · Cited by 44
Ng, V. W. S., Man, K. K. C., Gao, L., Chan, E. W., Lee, E. H. M., Hayes, J., & Wong, I. C. K. (2021) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.5318 · Cited by 42
Self-citationFrom metabolism to mind: The expanding role of the GLP-1 receptor in neurotherapeutics
Roy, A., Dawson, V. L., & Dawson, T. M. (2025) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.neurot.2025.e00712 · Cited by 43
Qin, X., Zhang, X., Li, P., Wang, M., Li, Y., Bao, Z., & Liu, Q. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.678649 · Cited by 41
Exendin-4 and linagliptin attenuate neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Parkinson′s disease
Yu, H., Sun, T., Wang, Z., Li, H., Xu, D., An, J., Wen, L.-L., Li, J., Li, W., & Feng, J. (2022) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.360242 · Cited by 40
Wu, P., Dong, Y., Chen, J., Guan, T., Cao, B., Zhang, Y., Qi, Y., Guan, Z., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-021-00460-9 · Cited by 41
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for major neurocognitive disorders
Giorgi, R. D., Ghenciulescu, A., Yotter, C. N., Taquet, M., & Koychev, I. G. (2025) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2024-335593 · Cited by 40
Parkinson Disease: Translating Insights from Molecular Mechanisms to Neuroprotection
Pirooznia, S. K., Rosenthal, L. S., Dawson, V. L., & Dawson, T. M. (2021) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pharmrev.120.000189 · Cited by 36
PKM2-mediated neuronal hyperglycolysis enhances the risk of Parkinson's disease in diabetic rats
Ya, Z., Wang, Y., Wu, Y., Tao, C., Xu, R., Chen, Y., Qian, L., Xu, T., & Lian, X. (2022) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2022.11.006 · Cited by 33
Arbo, B. D., Schimith, L. E., dos Santos, M. G., & Hort, M. A. (2022) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174800 · Cited by 33
Evolving Landscape of Parkinson’s Disease Research: Challenges and Perspectives
Tenchov, R., Sasso, J. M., & Zhou, Q. A. (2025) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.4c09114 · Cited by 38
Drug repurposing strategies of relevance for Parkinson’s disease
Fletcher, E. J. R., Kaminski, T. W., Williams, G. H., & Duty, S. (2021) · Pharmacology Research & Perspectives · doi:10.1002/prp2.841 · Cited by 31
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists – Potential Game Changers in the Treatment of Glaucoma?
Mouhammad, Z. A., Vohra, R., Horwitz, A., Thein, A., Andreasen, J. R., Cvenkel, B., Williams, P. A., Azuara‐Blanco, A., & Kolko, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.824054 · Cited by 32
Kreiner, F. F., von Scholten, B. J., Kurtzhals, P., & Gough, S. C. L. (2023) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13818 · Cited by 27
McIntyre, R. S., Rasgon, N., Goldberg, J. F., Wong, S., Le, G. H., Mansur, R. B., Rosenblat, J. D., Teopiz, K. M., & Stahl, S. M. (2025) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852925000124 · Cited by 32
The promise of GLP-1 receptor agonists for neurodegenerative diseases
Athauda, D. S., Greig, N. H., Meissner, W. G., Foltynie, T., & Gandhi, S. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci194745 · Cited by 31
Self-citationMicroRNAs, Parkinson’s Disease, and Diabetes Mellitus
Wang, H. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22062953 · Cited by 28
Labandeira, C. M., Bau, A. F., Ron, D. A., Muñoz, A., Losada, G. A., Koukoulis, A., Romero-López, J., & Rodriguez-Perez, A. I. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100914 · Cited by 28
Zhang, P., Mao, C., Sun, A., Yang, Y., Hou, Y., Fu, Z., Tousi, B., Leverenz, J. B., Pieper, A. A., Luo, Y., et al. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70639 · Cited by 27
Piątkowska‐Chmiel, I., Herbet, M., Gawrońska‐Grzywacz, M., Pawłowski, K., Ostrowska-Leśko, M., & Dudka, J. (2023) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-023-06341-7 · Cited by 34
Yu, S., Wang, Y., Shen, H., Bae, E.-K., Li, Y., Sambamurti, K., Tones, M. A., Zaleska, M. M., Hoffer, B. J., & Greig, N. H. (2024) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01116-0 · Cited by 28
Deischinger, C., Dervić, E., Kaleta, M., Klimek, P., & Kautzky‐Willer, A. (2021) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-202486 · Cited by 26
Update to the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease Based on the Gut-Brain Axis Mechanism
Sun, X., Li, X., Wang, Z., & Xie, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.878239 · Cited by 29
Nédelec, T., Couvy‐Duchesne, B., Darves‐Bornoz, A., Couronné, R., Monnet, F., Gantzer, L., Lekens, B., Wu, Y., Villain, N., Schrag, A. E., et al. (2023) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.26670 · Cited by 28
GLP-1, Parkinson’s Disease, and Neuroprotection
Standaert, D. G. (2024) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme2401743 · Cited by 26
Thiazolidinedione use and risk of Parkinson’s disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Zhao, H.-Y., Zhuo, L., Sun, Y., Shen, P., Lin, H., & Zhan, S. (2022) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-022-00406-8 · Cited by 25
The retina-brain axis and diabetic retinopathy
Ebrahimi, M., Thompson, P. M., Lauer, A. K., Sivaprasad, S., & Perry, G. L. (2023) · European Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1177/11206721231172229 · Cited by 25
Conquering Insulin Network Dysfunctions in Alzheimer’s Disease: Where Are We Today?
de la Monte, S. M. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-240069 · Cited by 28
Body-wide multi-omic counteraction of aging with GLP-1R agonism
Huang, J., Kwok, A. J., Li, J. C. Y., Chiu, C. L. H., Ip, B. Y. M., Tung, L. Y., Chan, R. C. H., Chan, D. T.-M., Wang, Z., Zheng, X., et al. (2025) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2025.10.014 · Cited by 31
Bergkvist, L., Johnson, M., Mercado, G., Steiner, J. A., Meyerdirk, L. K., Schulz, E., Madaj, Z., Ma, J., Becker, K., Li, Y., et al. (2021) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113693 · Cited by 24
Dysmetabolism and Neurodegeneration: Trick or Treat?
Capucho, A. M., Chegão, A., Martins, F. O., Miranda, H. V., & Conde, S. V. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14071425 · Cited by 26
Kopp, K. O., Li, Y., Glotfelty, E. J., Tweedie, D., & Greig, N. H. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14070872 · Cited by 24
Insulin Resistance Is a Modifying Factor for Parkinson's Disease
Žagare, A., Hemedan, A. A., Serra-Almeida, C., Frangenberg, D., Gomez‐Giro, G., Antony, P. M. A., Halder, R., Krüger, R., Glaab, E., Ostaszewski, M., et al. (2024) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.30039 · Cited by 25
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4(DPP4) inhibitors stride up the management of Parkinson's disease
Maanvi, Kumari, S., & Deshmukh, R. R. (2022) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175426 · Cited by 23
Lin, Y., Hsu, C., Liu, J., Chang, K., & Huang, J. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-49870-z · Cited by 23
Targeting Glucose Metabolism: A Novel Therapeutic Approach for Parkinson’s Disease
Tanvir, A., Jo, J., & Park, S. M. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13221876 · Cited by 52
Gut-Brain Communication in Parkinson’s Disease: Enteroendocrine Regulation by GLP-1
Manfready, R. A., Forsyth, C. B., Voigt, R. M., Hall, D. A., Goetz, C. G., & Keshavarzian, A. (2022) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-022-01196-5 · Cited by 24
Sunnarborg, K., Tiihonen, M., Huovinen, M., Koponen, M., Hartikainen, S. A., & Tolppanen, A. (2022) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.5448 · Cited by 21
Onset and mortality of Parkinson’s disease in relation to type II diabetes
Pezzoli, G., Cereda, E., Amami, P., Colosimo, S., Barichella, M., Sacilotto, G., Zecchinelli, A., Zini, M., Ferri, V., Bolliri, C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-022-11496-y · Cited by 21
Gunadhar, P., Goodwin, S. M., Livingston, K. A., & Karlsen, M. C. (2023) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276231181574 · Cited by 26
Stockmann, O., Ye, L., Greten, S., Chemodanow, D., Wegner, F., & Klietz, M. (2025) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-025-02882-7 · Cited by 20
Faizan, M., Sarkar, A., & Singh, M. P. (2022) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2022.101727 · Cited by 22
Attenuated Postprandial GLP-1 Response in Parkinson’s Disease
Manfready, R. A., Engen, P. A., Metman, L. V., Sanzo, G., Goetz, C. G., Hall, D. A., Forsyth, C. B., Raeisi, S., Voigt, R. M., & Keshavarzian, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.660942 · Cited by 24
Targeting G Protein-Coupled Receptors in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease.
Jones-Tabah, J. (2022) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167927 · Cited by 18
The Dashboard Vitals of Parkinson’s: Not to Be Missed Yet an Unmet Need
Chaudhuri, К. R., Titova, N., Qamar, M. A., Murășan, I., & Falup‐Pecurariu, C. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12121994 · Cited by 18
Wyse, R. K. H., Isaacs, T., Barker, R. A., Cookson, M., Dawson, T. M., Devos, D., Dexter, D. T., Duffen, J., Federoff, H. J., Fiske, B. K., et al. (2024) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-230363 · Cited by 19
Self-citationZhai, L., Gao, Y., Yang, H., Wang, H., Liao, B., Cheng, Y., Liu, C., Che, J., Xia, K., Zhang, L., et al. (2025) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123345 · Cited by 18
Girges, C., Vijiaratnam, N., Athauda, D. S., Auld, G., Gandhi, S., & Foltynie, T. (2021) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.1007/s40266-021-00853-7 · Cited by 18
Self-citationParkinson Disease and the Gut: A Primer for Gastroenterologists
Sharma, A., Voigt, R. M., Goetz, C. G., & Keshavarzian, A. (2025) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000003508 · Cited by 17
Human Glucose Transporters in Health and Selected Neurodegenerative Diseases
Szablewski, L. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26157392 · Cited by 18
O'Brien, J. T., Chouliaras, L., Sultana, J., Taylor, J., Ballard, C. G., on behalf of the RENEWAL Study Group, Aarsland, D., Blanc, F., Boeve, B. F., Brooks, D. J., et al. (2022) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-022-01103-7 · Cited by 17
Potential Protective Link Between Type I Diabetes and Parkinson's Disease Risk and Progression
Senkevich, K. A., Alipour, P., Chernyavskaya, E. А., Yu, E., Noyce, A. J., & Gan‐Or, Z. (2023) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.29424 · Cited by 16
Metabolic Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: Unraveling the Glucose–Lipid Connection
Sian‐Hülsmann, J., Riederer, P. F., & Michel, T. M. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12122841 · Cited by 17
Gao, X., Ding, J.-E., Xie, J., & Xu, H. (2025) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/s41401-025-01499-6 · Cited by 15
Salem, E. A., Alqahtani, S. M., El‐Shoura, E. A. M., Zaghlool, S. S., Abdelzaher, L. A., Mohamed, S. A. M., Alalhareth, I. S., & Sheref, A. A. M. (2025) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-025-03920-7 · Cited by 17
Hajare, S., & Kulkarni, Y. A. (2025) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149975 · Cited by 18
Metadata
- Authors
- Brauer, R., Wei, L., Ma, T., Athauda, D., Girges, C., Vijiaratnam, N., Auld, G., Whittlesea, C., Wong, I., & Foltynie, T.
- Affiliations
- UCL School of Pharmacy (GB)
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (GB)
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- Corresponding author
- Wei, Li
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-10-01
- Volume
- 143
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3067-3076
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- PMC
- PMC7794498
- OpenAlex
- W3089728969
- Cited by
- 233
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 10.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- The Cure Parkinson's Trust (LW011)
- Cure Parkinson’s Trust
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, antidiabetic drugs, thiazolidinediones, GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, insulin, drug safety, type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes, Health Improvement Network, propensity score matching, inverse probability of treatment weighting, confounding by indication
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
