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A Comprehensive Study of Whole-Brain Functional Connectivity in Children and Young Adults
Open accessAbstract
Over the past decade, examination of functional connectivity using functional magnetic resonance imaging has become an important tool to investigate functional changes in patient populations, healthy aging, and recently also child development. Most prior developmental studies focused on functional connectivity between brain regions important for cognitive or emotional control and the so-called "default-mode network." In the present study, we investigated whole-brain functional connectivity in children (11-13 years; N = 19) and young adults (19-25 years; N = 29), without a priori restrictions to specific regions. We found similar patterns of functionally connected regions in children and young adults, but there were differences in the size of functionally connected regions (i.e., the number of voxels), as well as in the strength of functional connectivity (i.e., the correlation value) between brain regions. This indicates that functional connectivity continues to change during adolescence. Developmental differences were found across the whole brain, but the effects differed for functional connectivity patterns associated with higher cognitive or emotional functions and functional connectivity patterns associated with basic visual and sensorimotor functions. Finally, we showed that the majority of functional connectivity differences could not be explained on the basis of gray matter density alone.
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“Thus, functional connectivity continues to change during and after adolescence, and these developmental differences in functional connectivity patterns were associated with higher cognitive or emotional functions and basic visual and sensorimotor functions.”
From Emerging Adulthood, a Pre-adult Life-History Stage (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
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“Thus, functional connectivity continues to change during and after adolescence, and these developmental differences in functional connectivity patterns were associated with higher cognitive or emotional functions and basic visual and sensorimotor functions.”
From Emerging Adulthood, a Pre-adult Life-History Stage (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
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López-Medina, L. M., Paredes, O., Lora-Castro, S., Romo‐Vázquez, R., Morales, J. A., & Vélez-Pérez, H. A. (2024) · Franklin Open · doi:10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100178
Emerging Adulthood, Health, and Wellbeing
Waite‐Jones, J. M., & Rodriguez, A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-88177-0_3
La construction du schéma corporel dans un cerveau en développement
Fontan, A. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/cd3cc99fz444az42edza564za00a8aa3e9f5
Prochnow, A., Zhou, X., Ghorbani, F., Roessner, V., Hommel, B., & Beste, C. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-46182-w
“Moreover, connectivity between brain regions—and thus the communication within the brain—also changes throughout adolescence 1,26–29 and should thus be taken into account when investigating the developmental changes in event segmentation.”
Functional reorganization of brain networks from childhood to adolescence: A multi-level approach
Tapia‐Medina, M. G., Cosío‐Guirado, R., Peró, M., Cañete‐Massé, C., Villuendas‐González, E. R., & Guàrdia‐Olmos, J. (2026) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2026.100700
“There is evidence suggesting that DMN reaches stability by late childhood, which may translate into focal reorganizations of key hubs rather than large-scale shifts in network-level connectivity (Jolles et al., 2011).”
Bellmont-Olson, L. M., Wright, M., Müller‐Oehring, E. M., Baker, F. C., Kiss, O., Pohl, K. M., Gotlib, I. H., & Schulte, T. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2026.101129
Harvie, G., Monn, A., Olbrich, S., Korgaonkar, M. S., Kohn, M. R., & Griffiths, K. R. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106949
Lower engagement of cognitive control in children on ChatGPT
Horowitz‐Kraus, T., Kenett, Y. N., Link‐Sourani, D., Ashqar, E., & Farah, R. (2026) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhag167 · Cited by 5
“Creativity, measured in this study as DAT ( Olson et al. 2021), is related to cognitive control, with evidence demonstrating increased creative abilities with increased frontal activation (specifically the Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) from adolescence to young adulthood ( Jolles et al. 2011).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Jolles, D. D., van Buchem, M. A., Crone, E. A., & Rombouts, S. A. R. B.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-06-11
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 385-391
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- OpenAlex
- W2115718505
- Cited by
- 181
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 6.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (91786368, 452-07-011)
- Gratama Stichting
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- whole-brain functional connectivity, brain development, adolescence, children, young adults, default mode network, gray matter density
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aging, Brain, Brain Mapping, Child, Child Development, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways, Oxygen, Young Adult
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