The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 9 of the 108 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Current diagnosis and management of peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis.
Abstract
Peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis accounts for ~10% of tuberculosis cases in the United States. Epidemiologic characteristics include a 1.4:1 female-to-male ratio, a peak age range of 30-40 years, and dominant foreign birth, especially East Asian. Patients present with a 1-2 month history of painless swelling of a single group of cervical lymph nodes. Definitive diagnosis is by culture or nucleic amplification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis; demonstration of acid fast bacilli and granulomatous inflammation may be helpful. Excisional biopsy has the highest sensitivity at 80%, but fine-needle aspiration is less invasive and may be useful, especially in immunocompromised hosts and in resource-limited settings. Antimycobacterial therapy remains the cornerstone of treatment, but response is slower than with pulmonary tuberculosis; persistent pain and swelling are common, and paradoxical upgrading reactions may occur in 20% of patients. The role of steroids is controversial. Initial excisional biopsy deserves consideration for both optimal diagnosis and management of the otherwise slow response to therapy.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This narrative review summarizes the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis, emphasizing its distinct features and frequent slow or paradoxical response to therapy. It concludes that excisional biopsy offers the best diagnostic yield and may be considered as an adjunct to standard antimycobacterial treatment, while corticosteroid use remains controversial.
Key findings
- Peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis accounted for about 10% of US tuberculosis cases; in 2008, 1,103 of 12,904 cases (8.5%) were lymphadenitis. It is more common in women (composite female-to-male ratio 1.4:1), peaks at ages 30–40 years, and in non-endemic countries predominantly affects foreign-born patients, especially those from Southeast Asia and India.
- Typical presentation is painless swelling of a single cervical lymph node group lasting 1–2 months; median node size is 3 cm, cervical involvement is reported in 45%–70%, and concomitant pulmonary tuberculosis in 18%–42%. Systemic symptoms are more frequent in HIV-positive patients.
- Definitive diagnosis requires culture or nucleic acid amplification of *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*. Excisional biopsy had the highest sensitivity in one Hong Kong study (80% culture-positive vs 17% for fine-needle aspiration), though FNA is less invasive and useful in resource-limited or immunocompromised settings. NAAT performance was highly variable (sensitivity 2%–100%; specificity 28%–100%).
- IDSA recommends 6 months of antimycobacterial therapy, supported by cure rates of 89%–94% and relapse rates of 3%. Paradoxical upgrading reactions occurred in 20%–23% of HIV-negative patients and 22%–60% of HIV-positive patients initiating ART; steroids are controversial, and early excisional biopsy may improve diagnosis and management of slow responses.
Methods
- Narrative review of English-language articles identified through Medline using “Tuberculosis, Lymph Node” as a major Medical Subject Heading from 1990 through 2011.
- Synthesized epidemiologic data from 14 studies, along with literature on diagnostic tests, antibiotic treatment, steroid therapy, paradoxical reactions, and surgical management.
- No primary data collection or formal meta-analysis was performed.
Limitations
- The paper does not explicitly state limitations. Evident from the text: it is a narrative review restricted to English-language Medline articles from 1990–2011, so selection and language bias are possible and study quality was not systematically appraised.
- Evident from the text: reported rates of paradoxical upgrading reactions vary with definitions, and many cited studies are retrospective or uncontrolled, particularly those on steroid use in adults.
- Evident from the text: the recommendation to consider early excisional biopsy as an adjunct lacks controlled comparisons against antibiotic therapy alone, as the authors note.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
9 of 108 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 2 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In contrast, fever and weight loss were reported in 40%-60% of HIV-negative patients in series from Qatar and India [17, 24].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. Khan FY. Clinical pattern of tuberculous adenitis in Qatar: experience with 35 patients. Scand J Infect Dis 2009 ; 41:128-34.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [24] 24. Purohit MR, Mustafa T, Morkve O, Sviland L. Gender differences in the clinical diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis-a hospital-based study from Central India. Int J Infect Dis 2009 ; 13:600-5. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that none of the 219 patients in the Indian series had HIV infection, and identify fever and weight loss as symptoms. They give 56.6% for patients with one or more constitutional symptoms, not a 40%–60% rate for fever and weight loss individually. The Qatar series is not assessed against this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“M. tuberculosis is the usual cause of tuberculous lymphadenitis [23].”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [23] 23. Yates MD, Grange JM. Bacteriological survey of tuberculous lymphadenitis in southeast England, 1981-1989. J Epidemiol Community Health 1992 ; 46:332-5. source
The Abstract and Results report that 1,677 of 1,817 patients with mycobacterial lymphadenitis had M. tuberculosis, far more than any other species. This supports calling it the usual cause in the southeast England cases surveyed. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Tuberculous lymphadenitis usually presents as a slowly progressive, painless swelling of a single group of lymph nodes [3, 24].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] 3. Artenstein AW, Kim JH, Williams WJ, Chung RC. Isolated peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis in adults: current clinical and diagnostic issues. Clin Infect Dis 1995 ; 20:876-82.
- Partly supportedcites [24] 24. Purohit MR, Mustafa T, Morkve O, Sviland L. Gender differences in the clinical diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis-a hospital-based study from Central India. Int J Infect Dis 2009 ; 13:600-5. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) report that all 219 patients presented with a neck mass, with durations ranging from four days to eight months. The Discussion (page unavailable) says women usually had a single unilateral node, but describes different patterns in men. The paper does not establish that swelling is usually slowly progressive or painless, or that a single group of nodes is the usual presentation across patients. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“which suggests that Africans may also have an increased risk of lymph node tuberculosis.”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [6] 6. Rock RB, Sutherland WM, Baker C, Williams DN. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis among Somalis in Minnesota. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 ; 12:1434-6. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page unavailable) report that extrapulmonary tuberculosis was more common among Somalis in Minnesota than among foreign-born tuberculosis patients overall, and that 50% of Somali patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis had lymphatic disease. This suggests a possible elevated risk in the studied Somali population, but the paper does not establish an increased risk of lymph node tuberculosis among Africans generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In a study involving HIV-negative Somalis in Minnesota [6], 30% of 407 patients with tuberculosis had lymphadenitis”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [6] 6. Rock RB, Sutherland WM, Baker C, Williams DN. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis among Somalis in Minnesota. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 ; 12:1434-6. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Study reports 407 Somali tuberculosis cases, of which 239 had extrapulmonary involvement; lymph nodes accounted for 50% of extrapulmonary disease sites, approximately 30% of the 407 cases. But the 407-patient cohort was not established as HIV-negative: HIV results are reported for only 179 of the 239 patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis, and two tested positive. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 407Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“FNA has emerged as a first-line diagnostic technique, especially in tuberculosis-endemic countries, where the test is both sensitive and specific [29, 33].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] 29. Ellison E, Lapuerta P, Martin SE. Fine needle aspiration diagnosis of mycobacterial lymphadenitis. Sensitivity and predictive value in the United States. Acta Cytol 1999 ; 43:153-7. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] 33. Wright CA, van der Burg M, Geiger D, Noordzij JG, Burgess SM, Marais BJ. Diagnosing mycobacterial lymphadenitis in children using fine needle aspiration biopsy: cytomorphology, ZN staining and autofluorescence-making more of less. Diagn Cytopathol 2008 ; 36:245-51.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“HIV-positive patients with tuberculous lymphadenitis typically have a higher rate of disseminated disease than do HIV-negative patients (38% vs 8%; P , .001) [27].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] 27. Shafer RW, Kim DS, Weiss JP, Quale JM. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Medicine (Baltimore) 1991 ; 70:384-97. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Systemic symptoms are reported more frequently in HIV-positive patients than in HIV-negative patients (76% of 21 vs 12% of 43 in a report from Taiwan) [15].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] 15. Wei YF, Liaw YS, Ku SC, Chang YL, Yang PC. Clinical features and predictors of a complicated treatment course in peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis. J Formos Med Assoc 2008 ; 107:225-31. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Concomitant pulmonary tuberculosis is reported in 18%-42% of patients (Table 1)”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“In a study from Hong Kong, 80% of specimens from excisional biopsy yielded positive culture results, compared with 17% from fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens [32].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] 32. Lau SK, Wei WI, Hsu C, Engzell UC. Efficacy of fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy. J Laryngol Otol 1990 ; 104:24-7. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 24
- It may state two separate claims as one. 40
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“A draining sinus may be present in 4%-11% of cases [3, 17, 24].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] 3. Artenstein AW, Kim JH, Williams WJ, Chung RC. Isolated peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis in adults: current clinical and diagnostic issues. Clin Infect Dis 1995 ; 20:876-82. source
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. Khan FY. Clinical pattern of tuberculous adenitis in Qatar: experience with 35 patients. Scand J Infect Dis 2009 ; 41:128-34.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Disputedcites [24] 24. Purohit MR, Mustafa T, Morkve O, Sviland L. Gender differences in the clinical diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis-a hospital-based study from Central India. Int J Infect Dis 2009 ; 13:600-5. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report a discharging sinus in three of 219 patients (1.4%), below the claimed 4%–11% range. The paper confirms that a sinus can occur, but its reported frequency is contrary to the range attributed to it. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“In a study from Germany, 6 of 10 tuberculous lymphadenitis cases confirmed by culture were detected by the newer GeneXpert test; 3 cases with positive results had negative culture results, but subsequent investigation suggested that these were true cases [36].”
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [36] 36. Hillemann D, Ruesch-Gerdes S, Boehme C, Richter E. Rapid molecular detection of extrapulmonary tuberculosis by automated GeneXpert(R) MTB/RIF system. J Clin Microbiol 2011 ; 49:1202-5. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 10Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In a series of patients in India, the mean duration of symptoms was significantly longer in men than in women [24].”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [24] 24. Purohit MR, Mustafa T, Morkve O, Sviland L. Gender differences in the clinical diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis-a hospital-based study from Central India. Int J Infect Dis 2009 ; 13:600-5. source
The Results report that all patients presented with a neck mass and that its mean duration at presentation was significantly longer in men than in women (p=0.015). The cited comparison is specifically about the duration of the neck mass. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The duration of symptoms at the time of presentation is typically 1-2 months, varying from 3 weeks to 8 months [3, 5, 24].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] 3. Artenstein AW, Kim JH, Williams WJ, Chung RC. Isolated peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis in adults: current clinical and diagnostic issues. Clin Infect Dis 1995 ; 20:876-82. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Polesky A, Grove W, Bhatia G. Peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis: epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2005 ; 84:350-62. source
- Partly supportedcites [24] 24. Purohit MR, Mustafa T, Morkve O, Sviland L. Gender differences in the clinical diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis-a hospital-based study from Central India. Int J Infect Dis 2009 ; 13:600-5. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page not available in our copy) report a neck-mass duration of 3 weeks to 8 months for men, but 4 days to 8 weeks for women; the range for all patients is 4 days to 8 months. The paper does not establish that symptom duration was typically 1–2 months, and the cited 3-week lower bound does not apply to the full cohort. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Median lymph node size is 3 cm, but nodes may be up to 8-10 cm in diameter [15].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] 15. Wei YF, Liaw YS, Ku SC, Chang YL, Yang PC. Clinical features and predictors of a complicated treatment course in peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis. J Formos Med Assoc 2008 ; 107:225-31. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“M. bovis was historically a common cause of tuberculous lymphadenitis, but pasteurization and bovine tuberculosis programs have virtually eliminated this source of human infection in developed countries”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] 22. Kazwala RR, Daborn CJ, Sharp JM, Kambarage DM, Jiwa SF, Mbembati NA. Isolation of Mycobacterium bovis from human cases of cervical adenitis in Tanzania: a cause for concern? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2001 ; 5:87-91.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of the 12 904 cases of tuberculosis in the United States in 2008, 1103 (8.5%) represented lymphadenitis [1].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] 1. CDC. Reported tuberculosis in the United States, 2008. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, 2009. September 2009.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 12,904Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In countries where tuberculosis is not endemic, the majority of patients are foreign-born, with a pattern consistent with reactivation disease.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Patients do not generally report significant pain at presentation, and node tenderness during examination is noted in only 10%-35% of cases [3, 15, 17].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] 3. Artenstein AW, Kim JH, Williams WJ, Chung RC. Isolated peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis in adults: current clinical and diagnostic issues. Clin Infect Dis 1995 ; 20:876-82. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] 15. Wei YF, Liaw YS, Ku SC, Chang YL, Yang PC. Clinical features and predictors of a complicated treatment course in peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis. J Formos Med Assoc 2008 ; 107:225-31. source
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. Khan FY. Clinical pattern of tuberculous adenitis in Qatar: experience with 35 patients. Scand J Infect Dis 2009 ; 41:128-34.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adefinitive diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis can be made by culture or polymerase chain reaction demonstration of M. tuberculosis in an affected lymph node, thereby permitting distinction from other mycobacteria that may cause lymphadenitis.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for pulmonary tuberculosis, studies suggest that it may reduce the relative risk of tuberculous lymphadenitis [4, 5].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4] 4. Gonzalez OY, Teeter LD, Thanh BT, Musser JM, Graviss EA. Extrathoracic tuberculosis lymphadenitis in adult HIV seronegative patients: a population-based analysis in Houston, Texas, USA. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2003 ; 7:987-93.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Polesky A, Grove W, Bhatia G. Peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis: epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2005 ; 84:350-62. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A positive acid-fast bacilli (AFB) stain result indicates a mycobacterial etiology and has excellent specificity for M. tuberculosis in adults.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a study from Texas, the odds ratio (OR) was 11.3 for patients from Southeast Asia ( P , .01) and 12.7 for patients from India ( P , .01), compared with other ethnicities [4].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4] 4. Gonzalez OY, Teeter LD, Thanh BT, Musser JM, Graviss EA. Extrathoracic tuberculosis lymphadenitis in adult HIV seronegative patients: a population-based analysis in Houston, Texas, USA. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2003 ; 7:987-93.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Rare complications of biopsy include postsurgical pain, wound infection, sinus formation, and scar [28].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] 28. Lee KC, Tami TA, Lalwani AK, Schecter G. Contemporary management of cervical tuberculosis. Laryngoscope 1992 ; 102:60-4. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Culture remains the gold standard for diagnosis, but may take 2-4 weeks to yield results.”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“FNA is safer, less invasive, and more practical than biopsy, especially in resource-limited settings.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although formerly a disease of children, the peak age range in recent series has been 30-40 years.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In a series of 104 predominantly HIV-negative patients from California, fever was reported in 19% and weight loss in 16% [5].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Polesky A, Grove W, Bhatia G. Peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis: epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2005 ; 84:350-62. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 104Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In most series, tuberculous lymphadenitis is more common among women than among men (composite ratio, 1.4:1)-a different pattern than for pulmonary tuberculosis, for which disease is more common among men [13].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] 13. Chen YM, Lee PY, Su WJ, Perng RP. Lymph node tuberculosis: 7-year experience in Veterans General hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. Tubercle Lung Dis 1992 ; 73:368-71. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a study of 97 cases from the United Kingdom (90% of which were in foreign-born patients), 67% of FNA specimens had positive culture results, and 79% had GI.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12] 12. Asimacopoulos EP, Berry M, Garfield B, et al. The diagnostic efficacy of fine-needle aspiration using cytology and culture in tuberculous lymphadenitis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2010 ; 14:93-8.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 97Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Extrapulmonary tuberculosis, including lymphatic tuberculosis, is more common among immunocompromised patients, including those with HIV infection [20, 21].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] 20. Aaron L, Saadoun D, Calatroni I, et al. Tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: a comprehensive review. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004 ; 10:388-98. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] 21. Lee PP, Chan KW, Jiang L, et al. Susceptibility to mycobacterial infections in children with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease: a review of 17 patients living in a region endemic for tuberculosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008 ; 27:224-30. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In contrast, symmetrical adenopathy was observed in only 11% of HIV-negative patients with tuberculosis lymphadenitis, and nodes in this group were typically . 3 cm [14].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14] 14. Bem C. Human immunodeficiency virus-positive tuberculous lymphadenitis in Central Africa: clinical presentation of 157 cases. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1997 ; 1:215-9.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Male sex (OR, 2.60) and the presence of local tenderness at the time of diagnosis (OR, 2.90) were independently associated with PUR [49].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] 49. Cho OH, Park KH, Kim T, et al. Paradoxical responses in non-HIVinfected patients with peripheral lymph node tuberculosis. J Infect 2009 ; 59:56-61. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a study of tuberculous lymphadenitis from South Korea, the sensitivity and specificity of TST were 86% and 67%, respectively, and of IGRAs, 86% and 87%, respectively [37].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] 37. Song KH, Jeon JH, Park WB, et al. Usefulness of the whole-blood interferon-gamma release assay for diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009 ; 63:182-7. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The 6-month recommendation is supported by studies that showed no difference between 6 and 9 months of treatment in cure rates (89%-94%) [45, 46] or relapse rates (3%) [47].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] 45. Campbell IA, Ormerod LP, Friend JA, Jenkins PA, Prescott RJ. Six months versus nine months chemotherapy for tuberculosis of lymph nodes: final results. Respir Med 1993 ; 87:621-3. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] 46. Yuen AP, Wong SH, Tam CM, Chan SL, Wei WI, Lau SK. Prospective randomized study of thrice weekly six-month and nine-month chemotherapy for cervical tuberculous lymphadenopathy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 ; 116:189-92. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] 47. van Loenhout-Rooyackers JH, Laheij RJ, Richter C, Verbeek AL. Shortening the duration of treatment for cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis. Eur Respir J 2000 ; 15:192-5. source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While overall rates of pulmonary tuberculosis have continued to decrease in the United States, the proportion of extrapulmonary cases, with their principal subset, lymphadenitis, has increased.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“IRIS usually develops after at least several weeks of ART, 90% of cases occur within 3 months after starting ART, and rates are higher when ART is started at lower CD4 cell counts [55, 56].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. Haddow LJ, Easterbrook PJ, Mosam A, et al. Defining immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: evaluation of expert opinion versus 2 case definitions in a South African cohort. Clin Infect Dis 2009 ; 49:1424-32. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] 56. Breton G, Duval X, Estellat C, et al. Determinants of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV type 1-infected patients with tuberculosis after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2004 ; 39:1709-12. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Because interferonc release assays (IGRAs) are not affected by BCG or nontuberculous mycobacteria other than M. marinum , M. kansasii, and M. szulgai, they are more specific than the TST [39].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] 39. Pai M, Riley LW, Colford JM Jr. Interferon-gamma assays in the immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 2004 ; 4:761-76. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Manifestations of PUR have included enlarging lymph nodes in 32%-68% of cases [50], new nodes in 27%-36%, pain in 60%, and draining sinuses in 12%60% [5, 49, 50].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Polesky A, Grove W, Bhatia G. Peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis: epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2005 ; 84:350-62. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] 49. Cho OH, Park KH, Kim T, et al. Paradoxical responses in non-HIVinfected patients with peripheral lymph node tuberculosis. J Infect 2009 ; 59:56-61. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. Hawkey CR, Yap T, Pereira J, et al. Characterization and management of paradoxical upgrading reactions in HIV-uninfected patients with lymph node tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2005 ; 40:1368-71. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a study from India, 17 (77%) of 22 cases diagnosed by culture and detection of GI were detected by testing of excisional biopsy samples, compared with 9 (41%) of 22 by testing of FNA samples.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] 30. Singh KK, Muralidhar M, Kumar A, et al. Comparison of in house polymerase chain reaction with conventional techniques for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in granulomatous lymphadenopathy. J Clin Pathol 2000 ; 53:355-61. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“persistent pain and swelling are common”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“IDSA guidelines do not recommend the use of steroids in the treatment of tuberculous lymphadenitis [44].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [44] 44. Treatment of tuberculosis. Centers for Disease Control. MMWR Recomm Rep 2003 ; 52:1-77.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In reports from California and South Korea, onset occurred at a mean of 2-3.5 months after initiation of treatment and resolved at a mean of 3.9 additional months [5, 49].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Polesky A, Grove W, Bhatia G. Peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis: epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2005 ; 84:350-62. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] 49. Cho OH, Park KH, Kim T, et al. Paradoxical responses in non-HIVinfected patients with peripheral lymph node tuberculosis. J Infect 2009 ; 59:56-61. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It occurred at a median of 1.5 months (46 days; interquartile range, 21-139 days) after initiation of treatment in a study from London and persisted for a median of 2 months (67 days; interquartile range, 34-111 days) [50].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. Hawkey CR, Yap T, Pereira J, et al. Characterization and management of paradoxical upgrading reactions in HIV-uninfected patients with lymph node tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2005 ; 40:1368-71. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Biopsy or culture of nodes involved in PUR typically shows granuloma formation and negative culture results with or without positive AFB stains [5, 50].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Polesky A, Grove W, Bhatia G. Peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis: epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2005 ; 84:350-62. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. Hawkey CR, Yap T, Pereira J, et al. Characterization and management of paradoxical upgrading reactions in HIV-uninfected patients with lymph node tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2005 ; 40:1368-71. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A systematic review of NAAT in tuberculous lymphadenitis revealed highly variable and inconsistent results (sensitivity, 2%-100%; specificity, 28%100%), with more favorable performance from commercial assays and with sample sizes . 20 uL [35].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [35] 35. Daley P, Thomas S, Pai M. Nucleic acid amplification tests for the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis: a systematic review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2007 ; 11:1166-76.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ancillary diagnostic tests may be useful in raising the suspicion of tuberculous lymphadenitis before definitive diagnosis or in supporting the diagnosis of cases with nondiagnostic microbiologic or histologic findings (Table 4).”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Steroids have been considered as a means to reduce the robust immune response in PUR, but their use is controversial.”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chest radiograph findings may be positive in 10%-40% of patients”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reported rates of PUR vary and depend, in part, on the definition that has been applied.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“paradoxical upgrading reactions may occur in 20% of patients.”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Mycobacterial adenitis, caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria, such as M. avium complex, is typically seen in non-BCG immunized children in developed countries [42].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] 42. Romanus V, Hallander HO, Wahlen P, Olinder-Nielsen AM, Magnusson PH, Juhlin I. Atypical mycobacteria in extrapulmonary disease among children. Incidence in Sweden from 1969 to 1990, related to changing BCG-vaccination coverage. Tubercle Lung Dis 1995 ; 76:300-10. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“response to therapy may be slow or paradoxical, with the frequent development of enlarging or new lymph nodes during and even after effective treatment in HIV-negative patients and of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in HIV-positive patients.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) recommends 6 months of the following treatment for lymphadenitis caused by drug-susceptible organisms [44]: isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for 2 months, followed by isoniazid and rifampin for another 4 months.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [44] 44. Treatment of tuberculosis. Centers for Disease Control. MMWR Recomm Rep 2003 ; 52:1-77.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Antimycobacterial therapy remains the cornerstone of treatment, but response is slower than with pulmonary tuberculosis”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We searched Medline for English articles with use of the Medical Subject Heading term ''Tuberculosis, Lymph Node'' as a major topic from 1990 through 2011”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Some authors report benefit [52, 53], but retrospective studies have shown that steroids did not prevent PUR in patients who received them from the onset of treatment [59] and had no effect on the duration of PUR [49, 50].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] 52. Garcia Vidal C, Garau J. Systemic steroid treatment of paradoxical upgrading reaction in patients with lymph node tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2005 ; 41:915-6; author reply 6-7. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [53] 53. Park KH, Cho OH, Chong YP, et al. Post-therapy paradoxical response in immunocompetent patients with lymph node tuberculosis. J Infect 2010 ; 61:430-4. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] 59. Afghani B, Lieberman JM. Paradoxical enlargement or development of intracranial tuberculomas during therapy: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 1994 ; 19:1092-9. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] 49. Cho OH, Park KH, Kim T, et al. Paradoxical responses in non-HIVinfected patients with peripheral lymph node tuberculosis. J Infect 2009 ; 59:56-61. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. Hawkey CR, Yap T, Pereira J, et al. Characterization and management of paradoxical upgrading reactions in HIV-uninfected patients with lymph node tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2005 ; 40:1368-71. source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The role of steroids is controversial.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Definitions of paradoxical IRIS in HIV infection vary but typically require some evidence of response to ART (eg, decreased viral load or increased CD4 cell count) and evidence of a worsening of the complicating infection [55].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. Haddow LJ, Easterbrook PJ, Mosam A, et al. Defining immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: evaluation of expert opinion versus 2 case definitions in a South African cohort. Clin Infect Dis 2009 ; 49:1424-32. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Among 106 predominantly HIV-negative cases from California, the rate of culture positivity from excisional biopsy and FNA specimens was similar (71% and 62% respectively; P 5 .4) [5].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Polesky A, Grove W, Bhatia G. Peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis: epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2005 ; 84:350-62. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Surgical excision is the recommended therapy for cervical lymphadenitis due to nontuberculous mycobacteria in children and has been associated with better outcomes than 3 months of 2-drug antibiotic therapy [62-64].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] 62. Lindeboom JA, Kuijper EJ, Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet ES, Lindeboom R, Prins JM. Surgical excision versus antibiotic treatment for nontuberculous mycobacterial cervicofacial lymphadenitis in children: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2007 ; 44:1057-64. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. Zeharia A, Eidlitz-Markus T, Haimi-Cohen Y, Samra Z, Kaufman L, Amir J. Management of nontuberculous mycobacteria-induced cervical lymphadenitis with observation alone. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008 ; 27:920-2. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [64] 64. Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, et al. An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007 ; 175:367-416. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disease rates are highest among patients aged 30-40 years, and disease is more common among women and patients of Asian descent.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Surgical excision has been recommended for PUR and for treatment failure in cases of tuberculous lymphadenitis and for patients who have discomfort from tense, fluctuant lymph nodes [5, 61].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Polesky A, Grove W, Bhatia G. Peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis: epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2005 ; 84:350-62. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] 61. Ammari FF, Bani Hani AH, Ghariebeh KI. Tuberculosis of the lymph glands of the neck: a limited role for surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003 ; 128:576-80. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tuberculous lymphadenitis may respond slowly to standard antibiotic treatment, with persistent discomfort and the development of culture-negative paradoxical upgrading reactions in as many as 20% of patients.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tuberculous lymphadenitis represents 10% of cases of tuberculosis in the United States and is frequently the sole manifestation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“IDSA guidelines recommend surgical excision only in unusual circumstances, and these circumstances are not defined explicitly [44].”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [44] 44. Treatment of tuberculosis. Centers for Disease Control. MMWR Recomm Rep 2003 ; 52:1-77.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Local discomfort is a significant problem for some patients with peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis.
“Steroids have been used selectively for local discomfort [31], a significant issue for some patients in our experience.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Biopsy result has more positive specimens than specimens tested
MajorTable 3 reports 36 positive specimens out of 31 tested as 88%. That fraction is approximately 116%, so at least one of the three figures is wrong.
Reported 88 · recomputed 116.129032
“| Excisional Biopsy | 24/34 (71%) | 15/39 (38%) | 36/31 (88%) | N/A | N/A |”
Chest-radiograph range excludes a value in Table 4
MinorThe text gives a 10%-40% range, whereas Table 4 reports abnormal chest radiographs in 55% of the UK study.
“Chest radiograph findings may be positive in 10%-40% of patients”
“| UK (1996) [25] | 23 | NA | 55 | NA | NA |”
Pulmonary-involvement range excludes a value in Table 1
MinorThe stated range starts at 18%, but Table 1 reports pulmonary involvement of 3% for the Australian study.
“Concomitant pulmonary tuberculosis is reported in 18%-42% of patients (Table 1)”
“| Australia [8] | 1998 | 31 | 35 | NA | 87 | 0 | 3 |”
Citations
Cites
Griffith, D. E., Aksamit, T., Brown-Elliott, B. A., Catanzaro, A., Daley, C., Gordin, F., Holland, S. M., Horsburgh, R., Huitt, G., Iademarco, M. F., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200604-571st · Cited by 6,110
Self-citationInterferon-γ assays in the immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis: a systematic review
Pai, M., Riley, L. W., & Colford, J. M. (2004) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(04)01206-x · Cited by 913
Epidemiology of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in the United States, 1993–2006
Peto, H. M., Pratt, R. H., Harrington, T. A., LoBue, P. A., & Armstrong, L. R. (2009) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/605559 · Cited by 741
Paradoxical Worsening of Tuberculosis Following Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients with AIDS
NARITA, M., ASHKIN, D., HOLLENDER, E. S., & PITCHENIK, A. E. (1998) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.158.1.9712001 · Cited by 608
Rapid Molecular Detection of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis by the Automated GeneXpert MTB/RIF System
Hillemann, D., Rüsch-Gerdes, S., Boehme, C., & Richter, E. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.02268-10 · Cited by 413
Lawn, S. D., Myer, L., Bekker, L.-G., & Wood, R. (2007) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e328011efac · Cited by 343
Tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: a comprehensive review
Aaron, L., Saadoun, D., Calatroni, I., Launay, O., Mémain, N., Vincent, V., Marchal, G., Dupont, B., Bouchaud, O., Valeyre, D., et al. (2004) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.00758.x · Cited by 330
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Shafer, R. W., Kim, D. S., Weiss, J. P., & Quale, J. M. (1991) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/00005792-199111000-00004 · Cited by 322
Afghani, B., & Lieberman, J. M. (1994) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/19.6.1092 · Cited by 270
Breton, G., Duval, X., Estellat, C., Poaletti, X., Bonnet, D., Mvondo Mvondo, D., Longuet, P., Leport, C., & Vildé, J. (2004) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/425742 · Cited by 265
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 66 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Gonzalez, 2003, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 7, 987
- Fain, 1999, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 3, 162
- Asimacopoulos, 2010, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 14, 93
- Bem, 1997, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 1, 215
- Hesseling, 2010, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 14, 1252
- Kazwala, 2001, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 5, 87
- Blaikley, 2011, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 15, 375
- van Wyk, 2011, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 15, 56
- Daley, 2007, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 11, 1166
- 2003, CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL MMWR RECOMM REP, 52, 1
- Nemir, 1967, The American review of respiratory disease, 95, 402
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–298 of 298
Choe, J., Han, A.-R., Shin, S. H., Lee, K., Um, S., Kim, H., Kim, T. Y., Huh, H. J., Choi, Y., Han, J., et al. (2023) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e348 · Cited by 1
“30,31 As in previous studies, mediastinal LNTB in our study was accompanied by pulmonary TB in 35% of patients.”
MethodMachona, M. S., Muloiwa, R., Porter, M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Global · doi:10.1016/j.jacig.2024.100276 · Cited by 1
Extra-Pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Shi, T., Li, T., & Xing, X. (2024) · Infectious diseases · doi:10.5772/intechopen.115393 · Cited by 1
Zhu, X.-S., Xu, H., Dong, Y., Liu, Y., Gong, S., & Li, W.-X. (2024) · Ear Nose & Throat Journal · doi:10.1177/01455613241304900 · Cited by 1
Identification and Management of Paradoxical Reactions in Pediatric Tuberculosis
Dash, N., Manion, M. M., Silverberg, S. L., & Kitai, I. (2025) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000004805 · Cited by 2
The validity of the macroscopic appearance of lymph node biopsy in the diagnosis of tuberculosis
Houlden, C., & Woodfield, J. C. (2015) · Tropical Doctor · doi:10.1177/0049475515586501 · Cited by 1
“Its effect on public health in the developing world is massive and the presentation can be non-specific.1 Tuberculous lymphadenitis is the most frequent presentation of extrapulmonary TB.2 The diagnosis of TB can be difficult without full microbiological and histological facilities.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Role of Mycobacteria in Food Safety
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Scrofula Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis
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“FNA is less invasive and may be useful for diagnosis, but excisional biopsy has the highest sensitivity (80%) and may produce a more rapid and favourable symptomatic response([3]).”
BackgroundAn Overview of Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Smear Negative Cases and their Analysis
TalluriRameshwari, K. R., Jayashree, K., Anuradha, K. T., Chouhan, R. S., & Sumana, K. (2021) · International Journal of Life Science and Pharma Research · doi:10.22376/ijpbs/lpr.2021.11.1.l204-217 · Cited by 1
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“Three-quarters of the cases in this study affected the cervical gland, which is similar to many other studies.(14) TBLN is also the most common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis.”
ResultPlasma adipocytokines distinguish tuberculous lymphadenitis from pulmonary tuberculosis
Kathamuthu, G. R., Moideen, K., Sridhar, R., et al. (2021) · Tuberculosis · doi:10.1016/j.tube.2021.102161 · Cited by 1
Piña‐Oviedo, S., Khogeer, H. A., Tang, G., & Miranda, R. N. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96681-6_17 · Cited by 2
Lymphatic tuberculosis after lymphadenectomy for ovarian cancer: a case report
Sheng, S., Chi, B., & Kuang, Y. (2022) · Gland Surgery · doi:10.21037/gs-22-8 · Cited by 1
“Mycobacterium tuberculosis reaches the lymph nodes along the lymphatic vessels from the original lesion site (most commonly the lungs), which denotes systemic TB (9).”
BackgroundIsolated humeral tuberculosis lymphadenitis in healthy woman: Case report
Bohsas, H., Ahmed, E. M. S., Bakkour, A., Kashkash, F., Khairy, L. T., & Ibrahim, I. (2022) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103658 · Cited by 1
A Rare Case Series of HIV-negative Patients with Early Relapsing Cervical Tuberculosis Lymphadenitis
Abalı, H., & Ortaköylü, M. G. (2022) · International Journal of Mycobacteriology · doi:10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_165_22 · Cited by 1
Enfermedad de Kikuchi Fujimoto
Jiménez, M. A. V., Santiago, H. J. A., & Aguilar, I. C. B. (2022) · Acta Médica Colombiana · doi:10.36104/amc.2022.2553 · Cited by 1
Multiple diagnostic examinations are effective for the early diagnosis of scrofuloderma
Ueno, E., Murase, C., Fukaura, R., et al. (2023) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.7861/clinmed.2022-0557 · Cited by 1
Calcified cervical lymph nodes - a unique picture
Pandey, M., Mittra, P., Kumar, A., et al. (2013) · Case Study and Case Report
Soomro, N. H., Zafar, A., Jamal, N., et al. (2016) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)
Mikobakteriyel Servikal Lenfadenitli Çocuklar: Vaka Serisi
Sözmen, Ş. Ç., Anal, Ö., Asi̇lsoy, S., et al. (2016) · Family practice and palliative care · doi:10.22391/920.182935
PATHOMORPHOSIS OF EXTRAPULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDREN
Mykolyshyn, L., & Pіskur, Z. I. (2016) · EUREKA Health Sciences · doi:10.21303/2504-5679.2016.00179
“Some scientists think that among extrapulmonary tuberculosis PLN tuberculosis is the most widespread [4, 14–17], and it is often the only manifestation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the USA [18].”
BackgroundBasi cervical inflammatory mass
Benkhatar, H., Scotté, F., Laccourreye, O., et al. (2016) · European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.anorl.2016.12.006
Wani, M. A., & Koul, A. N. (2016) · International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences · doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2016.512.073
“conclusions but at the same time the paucity of 2 nd line drugs in resource limited place like ours the quinolone group especially flouroquionolones gives the clinician a little respite (Fontanilla et al., 2011; Jindal et al., 2013).”
BackgroundRecurrent isolated tuberculous inguinal lymphadenopathy : A case report and review of literature
Asuquo, M., Ugbem, T. I., & Marwa, A. (2017) · International Journal of Medicine · doi:10.14419/ijm.v5i1.7261
Adult male with diffuse neck masses
Bennett, C., & Hayden, E. M. (2017) · Visual Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.visj.2017.04.019
A case of cervical radiculopathy due to tuberculosis cervical lymphadenitis
Pellinen, J., Lloyd-Smith, A. J., Su, S., & Pleninger, P. (2017) · Neurology Clinical Practice · doi:10.1212/cpj.0000000000000374
“In the United States, extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), principally lymphadenitis, comprises approximately 10% of tuberculosis cases, and unlike pulmonary tuberculosis, has not been declining in prevalence.(1) It is most prevalent among foreign-born individuals from Southeast Asia and India, and occurs most frequent…”
BackgroundTuméfaction inflammatoire basicervicale
Benkhatar, H., Scotté, F., Laccourreye, O., et al. (2017) · Annales françaises d Oto-rhino-laryngologie et de Pathologie Cervico-faciale · doi:10.1016/j.aforl.2014.12.017
Carotidynie: eine seltene Manifestation einer nicht so seltenen Erkrankung
Adamo, S., Vital, D., Zinkernagel, A. S., et al. (2017) · Praxis · doi:10.1024/1661-8157/a002837
PATTERN OF EXTRA PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS AS SEEN IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTER IN SOUTH INDIA
Adiody, S., Ponnu, S., & Saji, J. P. (2017) · Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare · doi:10.18410/jebmh/2017/1168
Tuberculosis: Basic and Clinical Relevant Aspects
Vida, Y. L. (2017) · International Journal of Pulmonary & Respiratory Sciences · doi:10.19080/ijoprs.2017.01.555561
“The patient typically shows a slowly progressive and painless swelling of a unilateral group of lymph nodes, mostly affecting the peripheral and cervical lymph nodes, which can grow up to 8-10cm in diameter during a period of 1-2 months [72,73].”
InfluentialNecrotizing Neck Mass in a Young Female
Kumar, M. P., Gabriel, C., & Joel, C. A. S. (2018) · Clinical Medical Reviews and Case Reports · doi:10.23937/2378-3656/1410202
Neck node in adult: a dignostic dilemma
Karanam, L., Ghosh, P., Raman, G. S., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20181879
“Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis is perhaps the most common etiology of a neck mass and presents in young patients as large painless lymph nodes.(9,10) Inspite being the most common etiology for enlarged cervical nodes, only one-third of patients have a documented history of TB.”
BackgroundPatient with Pulmonary and Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis' Involvement – A Case Report
Grigorakos, L. (2018) · Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research · doi:10.18535/jmscr/v6i12.37
Yang, G., Fang, J., Yu, T., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W., Zhao, D., Xu, J., & Wang, C. (2019) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0300060518821818
Typical Morphologic Patterns of Infectious and Other Reactive Lymphadenopathies
Vergara‐Lluri, M., & She, R. C. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32189-5_18
Benign Hematopoietic Disorders of the Mediastinum
Piña‐Oviedo, S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36438-0_27
An Infant With Worsening Right Neck Swelling
Mason, A., Mitre, V., Tran, H. D., et al. (2020) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.04.020
Bilateral axillary lymphadenopathy
Clarke, P., Valadares, C. N., Balabram, D., et al. (2020) · Mastology · doi:10.29289/25945394202020200036
Saluja, A., Gupta, R., Barpande, C. P., et al. (2021) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH · doi:10.36106/2802104
Kathamuthu, G. R., Kumar, N. P., Sridhar, R., Baskaran, D., & Babu, S. (2021) · Tuberculosis · doi:10.1016/j.tube.2021.102117
Sharma, R., Gogania, P., Pachori, G., et al. (2021) · GLOBAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH ANALYSIS · doi:10.36106/gjra/4101043
Disseminated Ulcerated Nodules: A Quiz
Wang, Z., Jiang, H., & Wang, H. (2021) · Acta Dermato Venereologica · doi:10.2340/actadv.v101.335
“Scrofuloderma may present at any age and usually develops from the direct involvement of the skin overlying a contiguous tuberculosis focus (3).”
BackgroundTuberculosis en cabeza y cuello. Experiencia en la Patagonia chilena y revisión de la literatura
Carlos Morales, A., Daniela Gallardo, G., & Camilo Iñiguez, L. (2021) · Revista de otorrinolaringología y cirugía de cabeza y cuello · doi:10.4067/s0718-48162021000400551
Kim, B. H., Lee, C., Lee, J. Y., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1356536/v1
Reddy, G. V. R., Reddy, M. M., Reddy, M. J., et al. (2022) · International Surgery Journal · doi:10.18203/2349-2902.isj20221405
“However, risk continues with the consumption of unpasteurized milk.(4) The objective of this study was to determine the spectrum of diseases that cause cervical lymphadenopathy in children using ultrasonography and FNAC.”
BackgroundFerreira, F. D. O. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97687-3_7
Kathamuthu, G. R., Rajamanickam, A., Sridhar, R., Baskaran, D., & Babu, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.999614
“Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), especially tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBL) is the most frequent manifestation with the cervical region mostly affected (2).”
BackgroundResponse to Adjuvant Therapy of Granulomatous Lymphadenitis: Evidence from High Burden Country
Yamsun, M., Mujiburrahman, H., GP at RSU Wiradadi Husada, B., Wijayana, K. A., & Muhamad, F. (2022) · International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research Studies · doi:10.47191/ijmscrs/v2-i12-17
“The results of this study are in line with the research of Fontanilla et al. (2011) women have a higher risk factor for tuberculous lymphadenitis and non-tuberculous lymphadenitis due to hormonal influences, nutritional status, and the lower effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunization in…”
ResultVinod, S., P., V. C. R., Vadivelu, G., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Advances in Medicine · doi:10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20231069
Mediastinal Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Piña‐Oviedo, S., & Strange, C. D. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-21040-2_8
A 78-Year-Old Man with Weakness and Loss of Appetite for 2 Months
Cho, O. (2023) · Korean Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3904/kjm.2023.98.4.179
“먼저 시행하고 결과가 불분명할 때 절개 생검을 하는 것을 추천한다[16].”
Jain, S. S., Patel, B. D., Tamakuwala, G., et al. (2023) · Asian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3126/ajms.v14i10.55103
Chowdhury, M. A. I. (2023) · Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons · doi:10.3329/jbcps.v41i4.69148
“Tuberculous lymphadenitis in the cervical region is known as scrofula 1 .”
BackgroundTUBERCULOUS LYMPHADENITIS IN CHILDREN –14 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE
Boskovska, K., Ivanovska, J., Nestorov, H., Popova, G., Petlichkovska, S., Danevska, I. A., & Chakalarovska, I. (2023) · Journal of Morphological Sciences · doi:10.55302/jms2362082b
Chapitre 9: La tuberculose de l’enfant
Dwilow, R., Hui, C. P., Kakkar, F., & Kitai, I. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Respiratory Critical Care and Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/24745332.2023.2226008
“32 Une ponction lombaire devrait être pra-tiquée chez les cas suspects de TB congénitale ou néonatale et chez les nourrissons atteints de TB disséminée.”
BackgroundChapitre 7: La tuberculose extrapulmonaire
Barss, L., Connors, W. J. A., & Fisher, D. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Respiratory Critical Care and Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/24745332.2023.2226005
Lopez, F., Lim, I. M., de Dios, A. P., Matic, M. E., Montecillo, R. J., Cucueco, M. C., & Aquino, M. L. (2016) · Philippine Journal of Surgical Specialties · doi:10.61662/pcs_bqzf9767
Lenfadenopatiye Multidisipliner Yaklaşım
Yılmaz, M. C., Tan, S., Tural, E., Zemheri, I. E., Zerk, P. E., Kutlu, Z., Altun, E., Kizilay, E., Keklikkıran, Ç., TOPDAĞI, Ö., et al. (2022) · Akademisyen Kitabevi eBooks · doi:10.37609/akya.1085
Ahmed, Z., Khalid, M., Huma, Z., Mirza, R., Mehfooz, S., & Raja, N. (2024) · ANNALS OF ABBASI SHAHEED HOSPITAL AND KARACHI MEDICAL & DENTAL COLLEGE · doi:10.58397/ashkmdc.v29i1.675
“Cervical tuberculosis is more common in females 13-15 .”
BackgroundInfluentialUne réaction paradoxale neurologique compliquant une tuberculose cutanée
Sellami, K., Mseddi, M., Fourati, H., Koubâa, M., Elleuch, E., Masmoudi, A., Mnif, Z., Turki, H., & Jemâa, M. B. (2017) · La revue médicale de Madagascar. · doi:10.62606/rmmcc00204
Diagnostic Performance Analysis of Xpert Mtb/Rif in Lymph Node Tuberculosis: A Retrospective StudyPreprint
Dai, L., Peng, L., Fang, T., et al. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4821282
Surasura, H., Bharathi Sree, M., Vubbara, A., Gali, S. C., & Gattamneni, I. (2024) · Journal of Research in Applied and Basic Medical Sciences · doi:10.61186/rabms.10.3.291
Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
Tetikkurt, C. (2022) · doi:10.69860/nobel.9786053358992
Scrofula and Other Tuberculous Infections of the Head and Neck
Prasad, K. C., Prasad, S. C., Chakravarthy, Y., Rao, P. P., Thada, N. D., & Rani, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-68449-4_28
(2000) · Time to knit · doi:10.1016/s1166-8598(22)45602-x
Sontheimer, S. Y., Leanza, J., & Mittelman, A. (2025) · Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open · doi:10.1016/j.acepjo.2025.100182
Singh, A., Jana, M., Kaur, R., Irodi, A., Garg, M. K., Raj, V. J., Sanghavi, P. S., & Bhalla, A. S. (2025) · Indian journal of radiology and imaging - new series/Indian journal of radiology and imaging/Indian Journal of Radiology & Imaging · doi:10.1055/s-0045-1812088
Wang, X., Chen, S.-F., & Yang, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1667171
Machine Learning for Tuberculosis Diagnosis
Dahiya, O., & Gotter, P. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-4923-7.ch010
Tuberculous Lymphadenitis in Children: A Coincidental Diagnosis—A Case Report
Lferde, M., Amal, Y., & Hessissen, H. (2025) · Case Reports in Dentistry · doi:10.1155/crid/8893555
“Epidemiologically, these lymphadenopathies are reported to be predominantly female [11], which does not match our case.”
Dimitrova, R., Ignatova, Y., Stoev, L., & Siderova, M. V. (2025) · Galician Medical Journal · doi:10.21802/e-gmj2026-a01
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Tuberculosis Coexisting in the Same Cervical Lymph Node: A Case Report
Taha, A., Alzhrani, S., Aljafari, N., et al. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.98957
“Tuberculous lymphadenitis is one of the most common forms of extrapulmonary TB, particularly in regions where the disease is endemic [15].”
A review on advanced management of tuberculosis
Katteti, M., Yeddu, S., Patan, A., & Yadala, P. C. (2025) · Learnovate-International · doi:10.70604/learnint.v2i3.106
Shomik, M. S., Mithila, N. T., Ghosh, P., Huda, M. M., Uddin, M. R., Hasnain, M. G., Siddiqui, T. A., Rahman, S. M. M., Saha, K. L., Akhtar, N., et al. (2026) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-026-12619-w
A Granulomatous Puzzle: Tubercular Lymphadenitis Without AFB Clues
Sah, A., Maharjan, I. K., Regmee, P., et al. (2026) · Clinical Case Reports · doi:10.1002/ccr3.71997
“We preferred the rapid diagnostic tool, FNAC, to establish the diagnosis of TBL. FNAC has emerged as a first-line diagnostic technique, particularly in tuberculosis endemic countries, owing to its rapidity, minimally invasive nature, and acceptable diagnostic accuracy [18].”
Multifocal Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Presenting with a Masticatory Space Abscess
Alay, R. A., Gözgeç, E., Aksakal, A., et al. (2026) · Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0438-2025
Scrofula: an uncommon tuberculosis manifestation reappearing in Italy
D’Amato, G., Musella, M., Bartolini, C., et al. (2026) · Journal of Surgical Case Reports · doi:10.1093/jscr/rjaf1035
Dhar, P., Sumon, P., Habibur, R. M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Ahsania Mission of Cancer & General Hospital · doi:10.65292/jamcgh.2026.v2e1.07
Chen, M., Wang, Y., & Zhao, D. (2026) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2026.2635175
“Hepatic hilar tuberculosis lymphadenitis typically presents with nonspecific symptoms such as low-grade fever, right upper quadrant pain, hepatomegaly, fatigue, night sweats, and jaundice, the latter caused by enlarged lymph nodes compressing the common bile duct [9,10].”
Almutairi, M., Alalmaee, R., Alamer, E., Alharbi, S., Aljarallah, G. S., Almukhayzim, R., Albuhayjan, N., & Abanamy, R. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jctube.2026.100603 · Cited by 1
“[11] To overcome these limitations, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the use of the Xpert MTB/ RIF Ultra (Xpert-Ultra) assay in 2017 for diagnosing TB in high-risk populations, including individuals with HIV, children, and those with extrapulmonary disease.”
Gutiérrez, C. H., Moreno, J. S., Queirolo, B. L., & Mena, M. N. (2026) · Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado · doi:10.1016/j.med.2026.04.011
Addagarla, S., Ranjan, A., & Sathyakumar, K. (2026) · Discover Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12672-026-05072-3
“FNAC, therefore, is essential as it can show whether a lesion is malignant or benign or infective and prevents infections masking as neoplastic processes [14].”
Tuberkulöse Mastitis: Eine seltene extrapulmonale Manifestation der Tuberkulose
Dellbrügge, F., Schaumann, N., Kruppa, M., et al. (2026) · Pneumologie · doi:10.1055/a-2845-3440
Interleukin-15 correlates with cytotoxic immune networks in cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis
Bchiri, S., Bahrini, K., Teles, R. M. B., Alaya, A. B., Kamel, H. E., West, J., Rategh, K., Bouzekri, A., Bousalem, E., Ouni, R., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1831890
Rana, A., Dabholkar, Y. G., & Verma, B. (2026) · Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1007/s12070-026-06597-3
“These reactions are typically culture-negative, aiding differentia - tion from treatment failure or drug resistance [7].”
Karunathilake, P., Abeysinghe, N., Bowatte, S., Kumarihamy, P., Madegedara, D., Karunarathna, H., Katugahage, K., Mallikarachchi, V., Gardhiyawasam, A., & Rajapaksha, I. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10096825/v1
Singh, H., Sharan, K., & Yadav, M. (2026) · Gastroenterology Hepatology and Endoscopy Practice · doi:10.4103/ghep.ghep_12_26
Differential diagnosis and stepwise evaluation of cervical lymphadenopathy in adults
Kim, J. N. (2026) · Journal of Korean Medical Association · doi:10.5124/jkma.26.0059
S., A. T. (2026) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20262759
Time is Tissue – tiefe Halsinfektionen und oropharyngeale Abszesse
Rudhart, S. A., & Maas, A. P. (2026) · HNO · doi:10.1007/s00106-026-01793-7
“…Lymphknotenveränderungen müs-sen jedoch differenzialdiagnostisch an maligne Erkrankungen, insbesondere Lymphome oder metastatische zervi-kale Lymphknotenabsiedlungen eines Plattenepithelkarzinoms im Kopf-Hals-Bereich oder bei passender Anamnese auch an Mykobakteriosen denken lassen [25, 26].”
Dubey, P. K., Venugopal, V., Ganga, R. T., Sahu, D., Kaushik, B., & Behera, A. (2026) · Egyptian Journal of Bronchology · doi:10.1186/s43168-026-00645-w
“A lower threshold for further diagnostic evaluation may be appropriate in selected immunocompromised patients, depending on the clinical course, diagnostic uncertainty, and likelihood that additional testing will influence management [18, 20, 24, 37, 48, 51, 57].”
Compartment-specific inflammation in tuberculous lymphadenitis: a case-control study
Vinhaes, C. L., da Silveira, S. A., Barreto‐Duarte, B., et al. (2026) · Inflammation Research · doi:10.1007/s00011-026-02351-1
“In tuberculous lymphadenitis, the lymph node is not merely an immune surveillance organ but becomes an active infectious niche, structurally remodeled by granulomatous inflammation and necrosis [3 , 7 , 21].”
Licata, M. A. V., Monteleone, G., Schiavi, E., et al. (2026) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics16183052
“Tuberculous lymphadenitis (TL) often presents as unilateral, painless lymph node enlargement, but its clinical and radiological features can mimic other infectious, inflammatory, or neoplastic conditions, complicating timely diagnosis and prompt treatment initiation [1].”
Murg, S. I., Moț, M., Moț, F. I., Joldea, A., Radoi, L.-I., Șandor, F. M., Bouroș-Tataru, A.-L., Firu, C., Butari, D. B., & Barata, P.-I. (2026) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics16193249
Metadata
- Authors
- Fontanilla, J.-M., Barnes, A., & von Reyn, C. F.
- Affiliations
- Marshall University (US)
- University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- Barnes, A.
- Venue
- Clinical Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-08-24
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 555-562
- ISSN
- 1058-4838 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-6591
- OpenAlex
- W2170899957
- Cited by
- 299
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Lymphadenopathy Diagnosis and Analysis
- Keywords
- cervical lymphadenopathy, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, excisional biopsy, fine-needle aspiration, acid-fast bacilli, granulomatous inflammation, antimycobacterial therapy, paradoxical reaction, corticosteroids, immunocompromised patients, tuberculosis epidemiology
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antitubercular Agents, Female, Humans, Male, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Tuberculosis, Lymph Node, United States, Disease Management
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