The DOI matches its Crossref record; 166 of the 166 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Obesity, kidney dysfunction, and inflammation: interactions in hypertension
Open accessAbstract
Obesity contributes 65–75% of the risk for human primary (essential) hypertension (HT) which is a major driver of cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Kidney dysfunction, associated with increased renal sodium reabsorption and compensatory glomerular hyperfiltration, plays a key role in initiating obesity-HT and target organ injury. Mediators of kidney dysfunction and increased blood pressure include (i) elevated renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA); (ii) increased antinatriuretic hormones such as angiotensin II and aldosterone; (iii) relative deficiency of natriuretic hormones; (iv) renal compression by fat in and around the kidneys; and (v) activation of innate and adaptive immune cells that invade tissues throughout the body, producing inflammatory cytokines/chemokines that contribute to vascular and target organ injury, and exacerbate HT. These neurohormonal, renal, and inflammatory mechanisms of obesity-HT are interdependent. For example, excess adiposity increases the adipocyte-derived cytokine leptin which increases RSNA by stimulating the central nervous system proopiomelanocortin-melanocortin 4 receptor pathway. Excess visceral, perirenal and renal sinus fat compress the kidneys which, along with increased RSNA, contribute to renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system activation, although obesity may also activate mineralocorticoid receptors independent of aldosterone. Prolonged obesity, HT, metabolic abnormalities, and inflammation cause progressive renal injury, making HT more resistant to therapy and often requiring multiple antihypertensive drugs and concurrent treatment of dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, diabetes, and inflammation. More effective anti-obesity drugs are needed to prevent the cascade of cardiorenal, metabolic, and immune disorders that threaten to overwhelm health care systems as obesity prevalence continues to increase.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The metabolic syndrome—a new worldwide definition
Alberti, K. G. M., Zimmet, P., & Shaw, J. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67402-8 · Cited by 9,352
Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Casey, D. E., Collins, K. J., Dennison Himmelfarb, C., DePalma, S. M., Gidding, S., Jamerson, K. A., Jones, D. W., et al. (2018) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hyp.0000000000000065 · Cited by 7,391
Whelton, P. K., Carey, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Casey, D. E., Collins, K. J., Dennison Himmelfarb, C., DePalma, S. M., Gidding, S., Jamerson, K. A., Jones, D. W., et al. (2018) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hyp.0000000000000066 · Cited by 4,347
Gut Microbiota from Twins Discordant for Obesity Modulate Metabolism in Mice
Ridaura, V. K., Faith, J. J., Rey, F. E., Cheng, J., Duncan, A. E., Kau, A. L., Griffin, N. W., Lombard, V., Henrissat, B., Bain, J. R., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1241214 · Cited by 3,788
The Triad of Sleep Apnea, Hypertension, and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Spectrum of Common Pathology
Aziz, F., & Chaudhary, K. (2017) · Cardiorenal Medicine · doi:10.1159/000450796 · Cited by 3,267
Inflammation, metaflammation and immunometabolic disorders
Hotamisligil, G. S. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature21363 · Cited by 2,570
Obesity and Kidney Disease: Hidden Consequences of the Epidemic
Kovesdy, C. P., Furth, S. L., Zoccali, C., & on behalf of the World Kidney Day Steering Committee (2017) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000458467 · Cited by 2,217
Projected U.S. State-Level Prevalence of Adult Obesity and Severe Obesity
Ward, Z. J., Bleich, S. N., Cradock, A. L., Barrett, J. L., Giles, C. M., Flax, C., Long, M. W., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa1909301 · Cited by 2,009
Obesity Phenotypes, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Diseases
Piché, M.-E., Tchernof, A., & Després, J.-P. (2020) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.120.316101 · Cited by 1,986
Obesity is associated with hypothalamic injury in rodents and humans.
Thaler, J. P., Yi, C.-X., Schur, E. A., Guyenet, S. J., Hwang, B. H., Dietrich, M. O., Zhao, X., Sarruf, D. A., Izgur, V., Maravilla, K. R., et al. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci59660 · Cited by 1,857
Cited by
Neeland, I. J., Lim, S., Tchernof, A., Gastaldelli, A., Rangaswami, J., Ndumele, C. E., Powell-Wiley, T. M., & Després, J.-P. (2024) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-024-00563-5 · Cited by 463
Obesity and chronic kidney disease
Jiang, Z., Wang, Y., Zhao, X., Cui, H., Han, M., Ren, X., Gang, X., & Wang, G. (2023) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00179.2022 · Cited by 267
Hammoud, S. H., AlZaim, I., Al-Dhaheri, Y., Eid, A. H., & El-Yazbi, A. F. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.707126 · Cited by 87
Packer, M., Zile, M. R., Kramer, C. M., Murakami, M., Ou, Y., & Borlaug, B. A. (2025) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.03.009 · Cited by 49
Metadata
- Authors
- Hall, J. E., Mouton, A. J., da Silva, A. A., Omoto, A. C. M., Wang, Z., Li, X., & do Carmo, J. M.
- Venue
- Cardiovascular Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-12-01
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1859-1876
- ISSN
- 0008-6363 (ISSN-L)
- 1755-3245
- OpenAlex
- W3107928135
- Cited by
- 265
- References
- 166
- FWCI
- 11.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Obesity, kidney dysfunction, and inflammation: interactions in hypertension. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/cvr/cvaa336
- The paper
- Hall, J. E., Mouton, A. J., da Silva, A. A., Omoto, A. C. M., Wang, Z., Li, X., & do Carmo, J. M. (2021). Obesity, kidney dysfunction, and inflammation: interactions in hypertension. Cardiovascular Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa336
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
