Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 361

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 70 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Long Live Keju! The Persistent Effects of China’s Civil Examination System

Chen, Ting, Kung, James Kai-sing, Ma, Chicheng·2020·The Economic Journal
DOI 10.1093/ej/ueaa043
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

China's civil examination system (keju), an incredibly long-lived institution, has a persistent impact on human capital outcomes today. Using the variation in the density of jinshi—the highest qualification—across 278 Chinese prefectures in the Ming-Qing period (c. 1368–1905) to proxy for this effect, we find that a doubling of jinshi per 10,000 population leads to an 8.5% increase in years of schooling in 2010. The persistent effect of keju can be attributed to a multitude of channels including cultural transmission, educational infrastructure, social capital and, to a lesser extent, political elites.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/ej/ueaa043

Cites

70 of 70 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 70 references

Cited by

See all 361

Metadata

Authors
Chen, T., Kung, J. K.-S., & Ma, C.
Venue
The Economic Journal
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2020-04-14
Volume
130
Issue
631
Pages
2030-2064
ISSN
  • 0013-0133 (ISSN-L)
  • 1468-0297
DOI
10.1093/ej/ueaa043
OpenAlex
W3125740133
Cited by
361
References
70
FWCI
52.24
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Long Live Keju! The Persistent Effects of China’s Civil Examination System. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/ej/ueaa043
The paper
Chen, T., Kung, J. K.-S., & Ma, C. (2020). Long Live Keju! The Persistent Effects of China’s Civil Examination System. The Economic Journal. https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueaa043

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.