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Cited by 59HIV Research and TreatmentGenomics and Chromatin DynamicsHIV/AIDS drug development and treatment

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Transfer of Tat and release of TAR RNA during the activation of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 transcription elongation complex

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Keen, Nicholas J., Churcher, Mark J., Karn, Jonathan·1997·The EMBO Journal
DOI 10.1093/emboj/16.17.5260PMC PMC1170158
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Abstract

The HIV-1 trans-activator protein, Tat, is a potent activator of transcriptional elongation. Tat is recruited to the elongating RNA polymerase during its transit through the trans-activation response region (TAR) because of its ability to bind directly to TAR RNA expressed on the nascent RNA chain. We have shown that transcription complexes that have acquired Tat produce 3-fold more full-length transcripts than complexes not exposed to Tat. Western blotting experiments demonstrated that Tat is tightly associated with the paused polymerases. To determine whether TAR RNA also becomes attached to the transcription complex, DNA oligonucleotides were annealed to the nascent chains on the arrested complexes and the RNA was cleaved by RNase H. After cleavage, the 5' end of the nascent chain, carrying TAR RNA, is quantitatively removed, but the 3' end of the transcript remains associated with the transcription complex. Even after the removal of TAR RNA, transcription complexes that have been activated by Tat show enhanced processivity. We conclude that Tat, together with cellular co-factors, becomes attached to the transcription complex and stimulates processivity, whereas TAR RNA does not play a direct role in the activation of elongation and is used simply to recruit Tat and cellular co-factors.

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  • In lentiviruses, the R region forms the trans-activation response element (TAR), which is essential for recruiting the viral transcriptional trans-activator protein Tat and is indispensable for transcription and elongation of gRNA transcripts.

    “For instance, in lentiviruses, the R region forms a structured element known as the trans-activation response element (TAR), which is essential for recruiting the viral transcriptional trans-activator protein Tat, indispensable for the transcription and elongation of gRNA transcripts (Laspia et al. 1989, Keen et al. 1997).”

    From Beyond reverse transcription: molecular mechanisms and emerging paradigms in retroviral replication (2026) · cites this paper as Keen et al. 1997

  • The HIV-1 promoter region includes a TAR element with a stem-loop structural motif in the R region.

    “For example, the HIV-1 promoter region includes a TAR element with a stem-loop structural motif in the R region (Fig. 8A).”

    From Beyond reverse transcription: molecular mechanisms and emerging paradigms in retroviral replication (2026) · cites this paper as Keen et al. 1997

  • In the absence of TAR-Tat interaction, transcription can initiate inefficiently and transcripts are not elongated, halting virus replication.

    “In the absence of TAR–Tat interaction, transcription can initiate, though inefficiently, and transcripts are not elongated, halting virus replication (Fig. 8A).”

    From Beyond reverse transcription: molecular mechanisms and emerging paradigms in retroviral replication (2026) · cites this paper as Keen et al. 1997

  • The viral trans-activator Tat interacts with the TAR stem-loop motif, enhancing transcription and elongation of viral transcripts.

    “The potent viral trans-activator Tat interacts with this stem-loop motif, enhancing the transcription and elongation of viral transcripts (Berkhout et al. 1989, Keen et al. 1997, Barboric and Peterlin 2005, Das et al. 2011, Schulze-Gahmen and Hurley 2018).”

    From Beyond reverse transcription: molecular mechanisms and emerging paradigms in retroviral replication (2026) · cites this paper as Keen et al. 1997

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Metadata

Authors
Keen, N. J., Churcher, M. J., & Karn, J.
Affiliations
MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (GB)
Corresponding author
Karn, Jonathan
ORCID
Venue
The EMBO Journal
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
1997-09-01
Volume
16
Issue
17
Pages
5260-5272
ISSN
  • 0261-4189 (ISSN-L)
  • 1460-2075
DOI
10.1093/emboj/16.17.5260
PMC
PMC1170158
OpenAlex
W2000833264
Cited by
59
References
1
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 2
FWCI
3.25
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The EMBO Journal (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
Keywords
HIV-1, Tat protein, TAR RNA, transcription elongation, RNA polymerase II, transcriptional activation, nascent RNA, RNase H
MeSH terms
Bacterial Proteins, Binding Sites, Models, Genetic, Protein Binding, Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid, Repressor Proteins, RNA Polymerase II, RNA, Viral, Transcription, Genetic, HIV-1, Gene Products, tat, Gene Expression Regulation, Viral, Escherichia coli Proteins, tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Lac Repressors

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