Cited by 738Chemokine receptors and signalingReceptor Mechanisms and SignalingHIV/AIDS drug development and treatment

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Solution structure and basis for functional activity of stromal cell‐derived factor‐1; dissociation of CXCR4 activation from binding and inhibition of HIV‐1

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Crump, Matthew P., Gong, Jiang‐Hong, Loetscher, Pius, Rajarathnam, Krishna, Amara, Ali, Arenzana‐Seisdedos, Fernando, Virelizier, Jean‐Louis, Baggiolini, Marco, Sykes, Brian D., Clark‐Lewis, Ian·1997·The EMBO Journal

DOI 10.1093/emboj/16.23.6996PMC PMC1170303

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Abstract

The three-dimensional structure of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) was determined by NMR spectroscopy. SDF-1 is a monomer with a disordered N-terminal region (residues 1-8), and differs from other chemokines in the packing of the hydrophobic core and surface charge distribution. Results with analogs showed that the N-terminal eight residues formed an important receptor binding site; however, only Lys-1 and Pro-2 were directly involved in receptor activation. Modification to Lys-1 and/or Pro-2 resulted in loss of activity, but generated potent SDF-1 antagonists. Residues 12-17 of the loop region, which we term the RFFESH motif, unlike the N-terminal region, were well defined in the SDF-1 structure. The RFFESH formed a receptor binding site, which we propose to be an important initial docking site of SDF-1 with its receptor. The ability of the SDF-1 analogs to block HIV-1 entry via CXCR4, which is a HIV-1 coreceptor for the virus in addition to being the receptor for SDF-1, correlated with their affinity for CXCR4. Activation of the receptor is not required for HIV-1 inhibition.

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Chemokines as Molecular Targets for Therapeutic Intervention
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Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1β Potentiates Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2-Stimulated Osteoinduction of Genetically Engineered Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells In Vitro
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“After birth, SDF-1 signaling continues to be important in regulating physiological tissue homeostasis, hematopoiesis, and angiogenesis.9–11 Binding of SDF-1 to CXCR4 mediates the migration of CXCR4-expressing cells toward gradients of SDF-1 and this chemotactic property regulates the homing and retention of hematopoie…”
Enzalutamide and CXCR7 inhibitor combination treatment suppresses cell growth and angiogenic signaling in castration‐resistant prostate cancer models
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“Further studies demonstrated that IL-8 treatment can upregulate CXCR7 and suggested that an IL-8-CXCR7 positive-feedback loop contributes to malignant progression.(19,20) Remarkably, CXCR7 was reported to interact with epidermal growth receptor (EGFR) and stimulate increased levels of phosphoEGFR (p-EGFR) and phospho-…”
Background
Kinetics of CXCL12 binding to atypical chemokine receptor 3 reveal a role for the receptor N terminus in chemokine binding
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A novel CXCR4 antagonist derived from human SDF-1β enhances angiogenesis in ischaemic mice
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“N-terminal amino acid residues in SDF-1a are the major site for direct interaction with the receptor and subsequent signal transduction, whereas the second amino acid proline plays a key role in SDF-1a receptor activation.(23,24) Therefore, in the present study, we developed a novel peptide antagonist against CXCR4, S…”
A whole genome association study of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Malawi
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Cytokines Elevated in HIV Elite Controllers Reduce HIV Replication In Vitro and Modulate HIV Restriction Factor Expression
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“2A and B, in spite of the fact that the CXCR4 binding domain resides in the N terminus of the protein (57).”
Background
CAMRA: Chemical shift based computer aided protein NMR assignments
Gronwald, W., Willard, L., Jellard, T., Boyko, R. F., Rajarathnam, K., Wishart, D. S., Sönnichsen, F. D., & Sykes, B. D. (1998) · Journal of Biomolecular NMR · doi:10.1023/a:1008321629308 · Cited by 48
Self-citation
Probing the Role of CXC Motif in Chemokine CXCL8 for High Affinity Binding and Activation of CXCR1 and CXCR2 Receptors*
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Self-citation
CXCL12 N-terminal end is sufficient to induce chemotaxis and proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells
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“Following binding, the activation domain composed of amino acid residues 1–8 (KPVSLSYR) binds to the N-terminal end of the receptor, inducing a conformational change that, in turn, allows binding of G-protein to the intracellular domains of the receptor, leading to activation of signaling pathways involved in the cont…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Heterologous quaternary structure of CXCL12 and its relationship to the CC chemokine family
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Total Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activities of Glycosylated and Non‐Glycosylated Forms of the Chemokines CCL1 and Ser‐CCL1
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Truncation of CXCL12 by CD26 reduces its CXC chemokine receptor 4- and atypical chemokine receptor 3-dependent activity on endothelial cells and lymphocytes
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Dual Targeting of the Chemokine Receptors CXCR4 and ACKR3 with Novel Engineered Chemokines
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“Although removal of the first few residues dramatically reduces receptor affinity (by 100-fold) (23), we hoped that exploring a large sequence library would permit the identification of high affinity CXCL12 variants that are naturally resistant to proteolytic inactivation in vivo.”
BackgroundInfluential
Characterization of Nef-CXCR4 Interactions Important for Apoptosis Induction
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“These two sites appear to be unstructured in the solution structure of SDF-1 (27, 37).”
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Computational Protein Design to Reengineer Stromal Cell–Derived Factor-1α Generates an Effective and Translatable Angiogenic Polypeptide Analog
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Neuropeptide Y regulates a vascular gateway for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells
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Evasins: Tick Salivary Proteins that Inhibit Mammalian Chemokines
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“Alternatively, chemokines can be categorized based on their homeostatic versus inflammatory functions [46].”
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Chemokine Oligomerization in Cell Signaling and Migration
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Cathepsin K cleavage of SDF-1α inhibits its chemotactic activity towards glioblastoma stem-like cells
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Background
Mutational analysis of the extracellular disulphide bridges of the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3/CXCR7 uncovers multiple binding and activation modes for its chemokine and endogenous non-chemokine agonists
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Crystal Structure of Recombinant Native SDF-1α with Additional Mutagenesis Studies: An Attempt at a More Comprehensive Interpretation of Accumulated Structure-Activity Relationship Data
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Determination of the binding mode for the cyclopentapeptide CXCR 4 antagonist FC 131 using a dual approach of ligand modifications and receptor mutagenesis
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“The role of Tyr116 for the function of CXCR4 antagonists According to the two-step model of chemokine receptor activation, the interaction between CXCR4 and CXCL12 involves distinct receptor and chemokine domains in binding and activation (Crump et al., 1997; Gupta et al., 2001).”
BackgroundInfluential
Structural basis of the interactions between CXCR4 and CXCL12/SDF-1 revealed by theoretical approaches
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Functional anatomy of the full-length CXCR4-CXCL12 complex systematically dissected by quantitative model-guided mutagenesis
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Thermodynamic characterization of interleukin‐8 monomer binding to CXCR1 receptor N‐terminal domain
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Self-citation
Expression and Functional Characterization of Mutant Human CXCR4 in Insect Cells: Role of Cysteinyl and Negatively Charged Residues in Ligand Binding
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Solution Structure of CCL21 and Identification of a Putative CCR7 Binding Site
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Adiponectin binds to chemokines via the globular head and modulates interactions between chemokines and heparan sulfates
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Structural Basis of Chemokine Sequestration by CrmD, a Poxvirus-Encoded Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor
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“For example, the residues 12–17 in the N-loop of CXCL12 were shown to be important for receptor binding [47,48].”
Background
Glycoprotein G from pseudorabies virus binds to chemokines with high affinity and inhibits their function
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“The chemokine domains involved in the interaction with GAGs or chemokine receptor have been characterized for hCXCL12a (Crump et al., 1997).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Chemokine‐derived peptides as carriers for gene delivery to CXCR4 expressing cells
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“The motif was additionally included in the second peptide [6].”
Background
Xenopus laevis Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1: Conservation of Structure and Function During Vertebrate Development
Braun, M., Wunderlin, M., Spieth, K., Knöchel, W., Gierschik, P., & Moepps, B. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.5.2340 · Cited by 42
“1 shows an alignment of the amino acid sequences of xSDF-1 and SDF-1 of man (hSDF-1 ), mouse (mSDF-1 ), and cat (cSDF-1 ) as well as KC, the mouse equivalent of human growth-related oncogene (GRO)- , GRO- , and/or GRO- (19, 35).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
N-terminal proteolytic processing by cathepsin G converts RANTES/CCL5 and related analogs into a truncated 4-68 variant
Lim, J. K., Lu, W., Hartley, O., & DeVico, A. L. (2006) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0406290 · Cited by 42
“These domains typically form disordered structures and as such are prone to proteolytic digestion [69–72].”
Background
Coregulation of CXC Chemokine Receptor and CD4 Expression on T Lymphocytes During Allogeneic Activation
Ebert, L. M., & McColl, S. R. (2001) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.8.4870 · Cited by 42
“Synthetic SDF-1 and I-TAC (30) (a gift from Dr.”
BackgroundInfluential

Authors: Crump, M. P., Gong, J., Loetscher, P., Rajarathnam, K., Amara, A., Arenzana‐Seisdedos, F., Virelizier, J., Baggiolini, M., Sykes, B. D., & Clark‐Lewis, I.
Affiliations: University of Alberta (CA)
University of British Columbia (CA)
University of Bern (CH)
Institut Pasteur (FR)
Corresponding author: Sykes, Brian D.
Clark‐Lewis, Ian
ORCID: Crump, Matthew P.
Rajarathnam, Krishna
Amara, Ali
Sykes, Brian D.
Venue: The EMBO Journal
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1997-12-01
Volume: 16
Issue: 23
Pages: 6996-7007
ISSN: 0261-4189 (ISSN-L)
1460-2075
DOI: 10.1093/emboj/16.23.6996
PMC: PMC1170303
OpenAlex: W1964083898
Cited by: 731
References: 45
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 10.34
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: The EMBO Journal (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Medical Research Council Canada
Medical Research Council
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Chemokine receptors and signaling
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
Keywords: CXCL12, chemokine structure, N-terminal disordered region, receptor binding sites, CXCR4, HIV-1 coreceptor, HIV-1 entry inhibition, receptor activation, chemokine antagonists
MeSH terms: Amino Acid Sequence, Binding Sites, Models, Biological, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Protein Binding, Protein Conformation, Structure-Activity Relationship, Virus Replication, HIV-1, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Chemokines, Anti-HIV Agents, Receptors, CXCR4, Chemokines, CXC, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular, Chemokine CXCL12

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Solution structure and basis for functional activity of stromal cell‐derived factor‐1; dissociation of CXCR4 activation from binding and inhibition of HIV‐1

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