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Third universal definition of myocardial infarction
Abstract
Abbreviations and acronyms Definition of myocardial infarction Criteria for acute myocardial infarction Criteria for prior myocardial infarction Introduction Pathological characteristics of myocardial ischaemia and infarction Biomarker detection of myocardial injury with necrosis Clinical features of myocardial ischaemia and infarction Clinical classification of myocardial infarction Spontaneous myocardial infarction (MI type 1) Myocardial infarction secondary to an ischaemic imbalance (MI type 2) Cardiac death due to myocardial infarction (MI type 3) Myocardial infarction associated with revascularization procedures (MI types 4 and 5) Electrocardiographic detection of myocardial infarction Prior myocardial infarction Silent myocardial infarction Conditions that confound the ECG diagnosis of myocardial infarction Imaging techniques Echocardiography Radionuclide imaging Magnetic resonance imaging Computed tomography Applying imaging in acute myocardial infarction Applying imaging in late presentation of myocardial infarction Diagnostic criteria for myocardial infarction with PCI (MI type 4) Diagnostic criteria for myocardial infarction with CABG (MI type 5) Assessment of MI in patients undergoing other cardiac procedures Myocardial infarction associated with non-cardiac procedures Myocardial infarction in the intensive care unit Recurrent myocardial infarction Reinfarction Myocardial injury or infarction associated with heart failure Application of MI in clinical trials and quality assurance programmes Public policy implications of the adjustment of the MI definition Global perspectives of the definition of myocardial infarction Conflicts of interest Acknowledgements References American College of Cardiology Foundation acute coronary syndrome American Heart Association coronary artery disease coronary artery bypass grafting creatine kinase MB isoform cardiac troponin computed tomography coefficient of variation electrocardiogram European Society of Cardiology fluorodeoxyglucose hour(s) heart failure left bundle branch block left ventricle left ventricular hypertrophy myocardial infarction meta-iodo-benzylguanidine minute(s) Multinational MONItoring of trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease) myocardial perfusion scintigraphy magnetic resonance imaging millivolt(s) nanogram(s) per litre non-Q wave myocardial infarction non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction percutaneous coronary intervention positron emission tomography pictogram(s) per millilitre Q wave myocardial infarction right bundle branch block second(s) single photon emission computed tomography ST elevation myocardial infarction ST-segment –T wave upper reference limit World Heart Federation World Health Organization Myocardial infarction (MI) can be recognised by clinical features, including electrocardiographic (ECG) findings, elevated values of biochemical markers (biomarkers) of myocardial necrosis, and by imaging, or may be defined by pathology. It is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. MI may be the first manifestation of coronary artery disease (CAD) or it may occur, repeatedly, in patients with established disease. Information on MI rates can provide useful information regarding the burden of CAD within and across populations, especially if standardized data are collected in a manner that distinguishes between incident and recurrent events. From the epidemiological point of view, the incidence of MI in a population can be used as a proxy for the prevalence of CAD in that population. The term ‘myocardial infarction’ may have major psychological and legal implications for the individual and society. It is an indicator of one of the leading health problems in the world and it is an outcome measure in clinical trials, observational studies and quality assurance programmes. These studies and programmes require a precise and consistent definition of MI. In the past, a general consensus existed for the clinical syndrome designated as MI. In studies of disease prevalence, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined MI from symptoms, ECG abnormalities and cardiac enzymes. However, the development of ever more sensitive and myocardial tissue-specific cardiac biomarkers and more sensitive imaging techniques now allows for detection of very small amounts of myocardial injury or necrosis. Additionally, the management of patients with MI has significantly improved, resulting in less myocardial injury and necrosis, in spite of a similar clinical presentation. Moreover, it appears necessary to distinguish the various conditions which may cause MI, such as ‘spontaneous’ and ‘procedure-related’ MI. Accordingly, physicians, other healthcare providers and patients require an up-to-date definition of MI. In 2000, the First Global MI Task Force presented a new definition of MI, which implied that any necrosis in the setting of myocardial ischaemia should be labelled as MI.1 These principles were further refined by the Second Global MI Task F
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Citations
Cites
Analytical Characteristics of High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin Assays
Apple, F. S., Collinson, P. O., & for the IFCC Task Force on Clinical Applications of Cardiac Biomarkers (2012) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2011.165795 · Cited by 861
Self-citationChaitman, B. R., Hardison, R. M., Adler, D., Gebhart, S., Grogan, M., Ocampo, S., Sopko, G., Ramires, J. A., Schneider, D., Frye, R. L., et al. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.913111 · Cited by 263
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Ibanez, B., James, S., Agewall, S., Antunes, M. J., Bucciarelli-Ducci, C., Bueno, H., Caforio, A. L. P., Crea, F., Goudevenos, J. A., Halvorsen, S., et al. (2018) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393 · Cited by 9,728
Self-citationRoffi, M., Patrono, C., Collet, J.-P., Mueller, C., Valgimigli, M., Andreotti, F., Bax, J. J., Borger, M. A., Brotons, C., Chew, D. P., et al. (2016) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv320 · Cited by 8,261
Self-citation2018 ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization
Neumann, F.-J., Sousa-Uva, M., Ahlsson, A., Alfonso, F., Banning, A. P., Benedetto, U., Byrne, R. A., Collet, J.-P., Falk, V., Head, S. J., et al. (2019) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy394 · Cited by 7,167
Self-citationCollet, J.-P., Thiele, H., Barbato, E., Barthélémy, O., Bauersachs, J., Bhatt, D. L., Dendale, P., Dorobantu, M., Edvardsen, T., Folliguet, T., et al. (2021) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa575 · Cited by 5,037
Self-citation2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease
Task Force Members, Montalescot, G., Sechtem, U., Achenbach, S., Andreotti, F., Arden, C., Budaj, A., Bugiardini, R., Crea, F., Cuisset, T., et al. (2013) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht296 · Cited by 4,510
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Metadata
- Authors
- Thygesen, K., Alpert, J. S., Jaffe, A. S., Simoons, M. L., Chaitman, B. R., White, H. D., the Writing Group on behalf of the Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction, Authors/Task Force Members Chairpersons, Thygesen, K., Alpert, J. S., White, H. D., Subcommittee, B., Jaffe, A. S., Katus, H. A., Apple, F. S., Lindahl, B., Morrow, D. A., Subcommittee, E., Chaitman, B. R., Clemmensen, P. M., Johanson, P., Hod, H., Subcommittee, I., Underwood, R., Bax, J. J., Bonow, R. O., Pinto, F., Gibbons, R. J., Subcommittee, C., Fox, K. A., Atar, D., Newby, L. K., Galvani, M., Hamm, C. W., Subcommittee, I., Uretsky, B. F., Gabriel Steg, P., Wijns, W., Bassand, J.-P., Menasché, P., Ravkilde, J., Subcommittee, T. &. R., Ohman, E. M., Antman, E. M., Wallentin, L. C., Armstrong, P. W., Simoons, M. L., Subcommittee, H. F., Januzzi, J. L., Nieminen, M. S., Gheorghiade, M., Filippatos, G., Subcommittee, E., Luepker, R. V., Fortmann, S. P., Rosamond, W. D., Levy, D., Wood, D., Subcommittee, G. P., Smith, S. C., Hu, D., Lopez-Sendon, J.-L., Robertson, R. M., Weaver, D., Tendera, M., Bove, A. A., Parkhomenko, A. N., Vasilieva, E. J., Mendis, S., ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG), Bax, J. J., Baumgartner, H., Ceconi, C., Dean, V., Deaton, C., Fagard, R., Funck-Brentano, C., Hasdai, D., Hoes, A., Kirchhof, P., Knuuti, J., Kolh, P., McDonagh, T., Moulin, C., Popescu, B. A., Reiner, Ž., Sechtem, U., Sirnes, P. A., Tendera, M., Torbicki, A., Vahanian, A., Windecker, S., Reviewers, D., Morais, J., Aguiar, C., Almahmeed, W., Arnar, D. O., Barili, F., Bloch, K. D., Bolger, A. F., Bøtker, H. E., Bozkurt, B., Bugiardini, R., Cannon, C., de Lemos, J., Eberli, F. R., Escobar, E., Hlatky, M., James, S., Kern, K. B., Moliterno, D. J., Mueller, C., Neskovic, A. N., Pieske, B. M., Schulman, S. P., Storey, R. F., Taubert, K. A., Vranckx, P., & Wagner, D. R.
- Venue
- European Heart Journal
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-08-24
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 2551-2567
- ISSN
- 0195-668X (ISSN-L)
- 1522-9645
- OpenAlex
- W4293577771
- Cited by
- 3,058
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 133.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Thygesen, K., Alpert, J. S., Jaffe, A. S., Simoons, M. L., Chaitman, B. R., White, H. D., the Writing Group on behalf of the Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction, Authors/Task Force Members Chairpersons, Thygesen, K., Alpert, J. S., White, H. D., Subcommittee, B., Jaffe, A. S., Katus, H. A., Apple, F. S., Lindahl, B., Morrow, D. A., Subcommittee, E., Chaitman, B. R., . . . Wagner, D. R. (2012). Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. European Heart Journal. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehs184
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