Heart rate: An independent risk factor in cardiovascular disease
Abstract
Large epidemiological studies have demonstrated that elevated heart rate is an independent risk factor for mortality and morbidity in healthy individuals with and without hypertension and in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure. Elevated heart rate has been found to be a more powerful predictor of later death than depressed left ventricular function. This means that heart rate in patients with congestive heart failure is not only reflecting depressed cardiac function. Heart rate should be viewed in the same light as other risk factors, such as elevated blood pressure or cholesterol, smoking, cardiac dysfunction, or diabetes. It is well documented that interventions against these risk factors improve prognosis, in terms of both primary and secondary prevention. Several large placebo-controlled trials of patients with acute myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure have demonstrated that beta-blocking agents reduce mortality and morbidity. In fact, the effects seem to be more marked in patients with higher pre-treatment heart rates, and these patients also demonstrate a more marked reduction in heart rate. It seems reasonable to believe that heart rate reduction per se is of major importance for the effects of beta-blockers. Beneficial effects on the prognosis after myocardial infarction have also been shown for some calcium antagonists, which also reduce heart rate. Heart rate should be considered as an important risk factor in patients at risk of CAD or with established CAD. Treatment should be started to reduce heart rate to a normal level, similar to the aim in the treatment of patients with hypertension.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Every healthcare system using HR sensor data needs to investigate the effect of metadata such as age, sex, weight, and medicine to have meaningful reasoning for basic abnormal heart rates or to personalize critical pulses.
“An instance is every healthcare system using HR sensor data needs to investigate the effect of metadata such as age, sex, weight, and medicine in order to have meaningful reasoning to find i.e., basic abnormal heart rates or to personalize the critical pulses based on the mentioned metadata [58,59].”
From Data Mining for Wearable Sensors in Health Monitoring Systems: A Review of Recent Trends and Challenges (2013) · cites this paper as [58]
Cites
The Norwegian Multicenter Study Group (1981) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198104023041401 · Cited by 1,674 · see citing works
Heart rate and cardiovascular mortality: The Framingham study
Kannel, W. B., Kannel, C., Paffenbarger, R. S., & Cupples, L. A. (1987) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/0002-8703(87)90666-1 · Cited by 1,292 · see citing works
EFFECT ON MORTALITY OF METOPROLOL IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Hjalmarson, Å. C., Herlitz, J. D., Malek, I., Rydén, L., VEDIN, A., Waldenström, A. P., Wedel, H., Elmfeldt, D., Holmberg, S., Nyberg, G., et al. (1981) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(81)91101-6 · Cited by 1,117 · see citing works
Self-citationHeart-Rate Profile during Exercise as a Predictor of Sudden Death
Jouven, X., Empana, J. P., Schwartz, P. J., Desnos, M., Courbon, D., & Ducimetière, P. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa043012 · Cited by 1,008 · see citing works
Sudden Cardiac Death Triggered by an Earthquake
Leor, J., Poole, W. K., & Kloner, R. A. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199602153340701 · Cited by 819 · see citing works
Diaz, A., Bourassa, M. G., Guertin, M.-C., & Tardif, J.-C. (2005) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi190 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Lechat, P. P., Hulot, J., Escolano, S., Mallet, A., Leizorovicz, A., Werhlen-Grandjean, M., Pochmalicki, G., & Dargie, H. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.103.10.1428 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
GUNDERSEN, T., Abrahamsen, A. M., KJEKSHUS, J. K., & Rønnevik, P. K. (1982) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.66.6.1179 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Pulse rate, coronary heart disease, and death: The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study
Gillum, R. F., Makuc, D. M., & Feldman, J. J. (1991) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/0002-8703(91)90970-s · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Retarding effect of lowered heart rate on coronary atherosclerosis.
Beere, P., Glagov, S., & Zarins, C. K. (1984) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6484569 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Left Ventricular Muscle Mass and Elevated Heart Rate Are Associated With Coronary Plaque Disruption
Heidland, U. E., & Strauer, B. E. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/hc3801.096325 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Low-Dose Metoprolol CR/XL and Fluvastatin Slow Progression of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
Hedblad, B., Wikstrand, J., Janzon, L., Wedel, H., & Berglund, G. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.103.13.1721 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Influence of heart rate on mortality after acute myocardial infarction
Hjalmarson, Å. C., Gilpin, E. A., Kjekshus, J., Schieman, G., NICOD, P. H., Henning, H., & ROSS, J. R. (1990) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(90)91029-6 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Self-citationKaplan, J. R., Manuck, S. B., Adams, M. R., Weingand, K. W., & Clarkson, T. B. (1987) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.76.6.1364 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
β-Blockers and Sudden Cardiac Death
Kendall, M. J., Lynch, K. P., Hjalmarson, Å. C., & Kjekshus, J. (1995) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-123-5-199509010-00007 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Self-citationThe β-Blocker Heart Attack Trial
(1981) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1981.03320180063037 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Heart rate, ischaemic heart disease, and sudden cardiac death in middle-aged British men.
Shaper, A. G., Wannamethee, G., Macfarlane, P. W., & Walker, M. (1993) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.70.1.49 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
The relationship between resting heart rate and all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality
Mensink, G., & Hoffmeister, H. M. (1997) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a015465 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Endothelial dysfunction in response to psychosocial stress in monkeys.
Strawn, W. B., Bondjers, G., Kaplan, J. R., Manuck, S. B., Schwenke, D. C., Hansson, G. K., Shively, C. A., & Clarkson, T. B. (1991) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.68.5.1270 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Status, Stress, and Atherosclerosis: The Role of Environment and Individual Behavior
Kaplan, J. R., & Manuck, S. B. (1999) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08112.x · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Palatini, P., Dorigatti, F., Zaetta, V., Mormino, P., Mazzer, A., Bortolazzi, A., D'Este, D., Pegoraro, F., Milani, L., & Mos, L. (2006) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000242413.96277.5b · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Psychosocial stress causes endothelial injury in cynomolgus monkeys via β1-adrenoceptor activation
Skantze, H. B., Kaplan, J. R., Pettersson, K. S., Manuck, S. B., Blomqvist, N., Kyes, R. C., Williams, J. K., & Bondjers, G. (1998) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(97)00202-5 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Gullestad, L. L., Wikstrand, J., DEEDWANIA, P. C., Hjalmarson, Å. C., Egstrup, K., Elkayam, U., Gottlieb, S. S., Rashkow, A. M., Wedel, H., Bermann, G., et al. (2005) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.10.032 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationFox, K. M., Ferrari, R., Tendera, M., Steg, P. G., & Ford, I. (2006) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2006.01.013 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Can we improve cardiovascular risk prediction beyond risk equations in the physician's office?
Aboyans, V., & Criqui, M. H. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.11.002 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Mauß, O., Klingenheben, T., Ptaszynski, P. A., et al. (2005) · Journal of Electrocardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2004.10.009 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fox, K., Ford, I., Steg, P. G., Tendera, M., Robertson, M., & Ferrari, R. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61171-x · Cited by 789 · see citing works
Banaee, H., Ahmed, M., & Loutfi, A. (2013) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s131217472 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hjalmarson, Å.
- Affiliations
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Hjalmarson, Åke
- Venue
- European Heart Journal Supplements
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-09-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- suppl_F
- Pages
- F3-F7
- ISSN
- 1520-765X (ISSN-L)
- 1554-2815
- 1520-1554
- OpenAlex
- W1988518473
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Heart Journal Supplements (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart rate and cardiovascular health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Keywords
- heart rate, cardiovascular risk factors, mortality, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, left ventricular function, hypertension, prognosis, primary and secondary prevention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
