Cited by 313Sleep and related disordersObstructive Sleep Apnea ResearchAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Sleep hygiene education as a treatment of insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Chung, Ka-Fai, Lee, Chit-Tat, Yeung, Wing-Fai, Chan, Man-Sum, Chung, Emily Wing-Yue, Lin, Wai-Ling·2018·Family Practice

DOI 10.1093/fampra/cmx122

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Abstract

Background: Sleep hygiene education (SHE) is commonly used as a treatment of insomnia in general practice. Whether SHE or cognitive-behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), a treatment with stronger evidence base, should be provided first remains unclear. Objective: To review the efficacy of SHE for poor sleep or insomnia. Methods: We systematically searched six key electronic databases up until May 2017. Two researchers independently selected relevant publications, extracted data and evaluated methodological quality according to the Cochrane criteria. Results: Twelve of 15 studies compared SHE with CBT-I, three with mindfulness-based therapy, but none with sham or no treatment. General knowledge about sleep, substance use, regular exercise and bedroom arrangement were commonly covered; sleep-wake regularity and avoidance of daytime naps in seven programs, but stress management in only five programs. Major findings include (i) there were significant pre- to post-treatment improvements following SHE, with small to medium effect size; (ii) SHE was significantly less efficacious than CBT-I, with difference in effect size ranging from medium to large; (iii) pre- to post-treatment improvement and SHE-CBT-I difference averaged at 5% and 8% in sleep-diary-derived sleep efficiency, respectively, and two points in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; (iv) only subjective measures were significant and (v) no data on acceptability, adherence, understanding and cost-effectiveness. Conclusions: Although SHE is less effective than CBT-I, unanswered methodological and implementation issues prevent a firm conclusion to be made on whether SHE has a role in a stepped-care model for insomnia in primary care.

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“Interventions that provided sleep hygiene training were found to be effective in reducing sleep deprivation (Chung et al., 2018; O’donnell & Driller, 2017).”
The PAPPI cross-sectional study: prevalence, associated factors and care management for insomnia in outpatient public psychiatric services
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“As a low-intensity first step, sleep-hygiene education—delivered in primary care or public-health programs—can be offered 49 .”
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Roy, A., Maiti, D. K., & Banik, B. K. (2026) · Sleep Science and Practice · doi:10.1186/s41606-025-00151-w · Cited by 5
Therapeutic Effect of Yu Melody Relaxation Training Combined with Jianpi Jieyu Decoction in Insomnia Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial
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“Therefore, campaigns to de-normalize lack of sleep during the college years as well as psychoeducation on sleep hygiene or cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia could be beneficial for all students (Alimoradi et al., 2022; Chung et al., 2018; Saruhanjan et al., 2021).”
Background
Sleep and sleep knowledge among social work students: Implications for mental health and self-care education
Spadola, C., Groton, D. B., Cosenzo, L. G., Fantus, S., Hilditch, C. J., Burke, S. L., Littlewood, K., Bertisch, S. M., & Zhou, E. S. (2023) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2023.2204125 · Cited by 4
“Practicing healthy sleep behaviors, such as reducing alcohol and caffeine intake near bedtime, following a consistent sleep schedule, and creating a relaxing and restful sleep environment, have been associated with better sleep quality (Brown et al., 2006; Chung et al., 2018).”
Poor sleep hygiene practices are associated with a higher increase in sleep problems during the COVID ‐19 pandemic: A latent change score model
Zagaria, A., Scarpelli, S., Musetti, A., Rapelli, G., Gennaro, L. D., Plazzi, G., & Franceschini, C. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14057 · Cited by 5
“…that sleep hygiene recommendations were effective in improving sleep in patients with insomnia, based on significant pre-to post-treatment changes, albeit this strategy was less effective than cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) and mindfulness-based therapy (Chung et al., 2018).”
The role of arousal in maintaining the relationship between insomnia and gastrointestinal conditions
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“Broadly, a number of these daily living factors are consistent with sleep hygiene guidelines (108-110).”
Disconnect to Reconnect: Practical Approaches to Managing Social Media's Impact on Pediatric Mental Health
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The Perspectives of Australian Naturopaths about Providing Health Services for People with Sleep Disorders
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A scoping review of insomnia treatments for people living with HIV
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“…as well as specific sub-populations with psychiatric and medical conditions such as depression, anxiety, cardiovascular disease and cancer (Chung et al., 2018; van Stratten et al., 2018; Gong et al., 2016; Wu, Appleman, Salazar, Ong, 2015; Geiger-Brown, Rogers, Liu, Ludeman, Downton,…”
Background
Investigating the Effectiveness of CBT-i Coach, a Free, Publicly Available mHealth App for Insomnia
Dolezal, M. L., Wielgosz, J., Miller, K. E., Taylor, K. L., Owen, J. E., & Kuhn, E. R. (2024) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-024-00459-x · Cited by 3
“…restriction (Maurer et al., 2021; Miller et al., 2014), stimulus control (Jansson-Fröjmark et al., 2024), relaxation (Lichstein et al., 2011), sleep hygiene/psychoeducation (Chung et al., 2018; van Straten et al., 2018), and cognitive restructuring (Thakral et al., 2020) all improve sleep outcomes.”
Effectiveness of an online biopsychosocial cognitive-behavioural preventive intervention to improve wellbeing and mental health during pregnancy. Randomized controlled trial (BienGestar)
Hernández‐Martínez, C., Canals-Sans, J., Patricio, D., Sombrero, I., Ruiz, F., & Rey-Reñones, C. (2025) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-025-08557-1 · Cited by 2
Go! to sleep SM: a randomized, controlled trial for the treatment of chronic insomnia in adults epilepsy
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Therapist-Assisted Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia: A Case Report
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“, 2018), even though evidence does not support sleep hygiene as a stand-alone treatment for insomnia (Chung et al., 2018; Moss et al., 2013), and hypnotic medications are associated with less durable treatment effects (Mitchell et al.”
Background
Insomnia: Recent Advances in Genetic Aspects and Therapies
Riasat, M., Afzal, A., Khawar, M. B., Hamid, S. E., Habiba, U., Shahzaman, S., Shahid, N., & Naseem, R. (2023) · Biomedical Research and Therapy · doi:10.15419/bmrat.v10i4.804 · Cited by 2
Effect of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Extract in Patients with Primary Insomnia: A Double-blind Randomized Study
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Working from home is associated with changes in sleep hygiene practice
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“Itisalreadyknownthatwhen Itisalreadyknownthatwhen ﬁxedinterconnectionsoccurbetweenworktasksand home,inappropriatehabits(alsoknownasinadequate sleephygiene)canaffectsleepquality[7–9].”
The Use of Trazodone for Insomnia and Other Sleep Disturbances
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“…on sleep hygiene can always be offered, but some of the results from systematic reviews and meta-analyses are not reassuring it is a panacea (Chung et al., 2018; Dietrich et al., 2016), though it is probably less that sleep hygiene is not helpful and more that we have not perfected the…”
Background
Digital cognitive–behavioural therapy application compared with zolpidem for the treatment of insomnia: protocol for an exploratory randomised controlled trial
Shimizu, E., Sato, D., Hirano, Y., Ebisu, H., Kagayama, Y., & Hanaoka, H. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081205 · Cited by 2
A clinical algorithm for diagnosis and treatment of insomnia in adults: an updated review
Khazaie, H., Sharafkhaneh, A., Zakiei, A., & Crew, E. C. (2024) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852924000385 · Cited by 2
Bidirectional relationships between chronotype and sleep hygiene in children with and without parental history of alcohol use disorder
Tussey, E. J., Hillebrant-Openshaw, M. J., & Wong, M. M.-H. (2024) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2024.09.007 · Cited by 3
Sleep Hygiene Education, ReadiWatch™ Actigraphy, and Telehealth Cognitive Behavioral Training for Insomnia for People With Prostate Cancer
Myers, J. S., Humphrey-Sewell, R. E., Fowler, L. A., English, D., Stickler, R., Hooper, D., Kim, J., He, J., Mays, M. P., Siengsukon, C. F., et al. (2025) · Oncology nursing forum · doi:10.1188/25.onf.e15-e34 · Cited by 2
“Input from the ReadiWatch, as well as education about the sleep hygiene elements of CBT-I, has been effective in improving sleep metrics and fatigue (Chung et al., 2018; Fowler et al., 2023; Tipps et al., 2019) in populations of patients without cancer.”
Distinct Regional Pattern of Sedative Psychotropic Drug Use in South Tyrol: A Comparison with National Trends in Italy
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“Public health authorities could initiate campaigns to educate patients on sleep hygiene, non-pharmacological approaches, and the potential adverse effects of chronic sedative use [26].”
Implications and recommendations for addressing insomnia disorder
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A social-ecological examination of sleep among Airmen in technical training
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“The development of such interventions would likely need to go beyond providing education alone, as sleep education/sleep hygiene alone may not provide the impact needed to make meaningful sustained changes in sleep behavior (Albakri et al., 2021; Chung et al., 2018; Irish et al., 2015).”
Background
Better Sleep Through Screen Time: The Role of Telehealth in Sleep Care for the School-Aged Child
Donskoy, I., Balog, M., Loghmanee, D. A., & Webster, K. (2022) · Journal of Applied Research on Children Informing Policy for Children at Risk · doi:10.58464/2155-5834.1492 · Cited by 2
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“Sleep hygiene represents one of the most powerful tools in the insomnia primary care [23].”
Background
What’s new in sleep disorders? Characteristics of sleep disorders according to ICD-11
Górska, K., Ścisło, L., Pluta, J., Antoniak-Sobczak, K., Fojcik, J., & Górski, M. K. (2023) · Problemy Pielęgniarstwa · doi:10.5114/ppiel.2023.136171 · Cited by 2
Adaptation of a sleep hygiene intervention for individuals with poor sleep and their companions: Results of a randomized controlled pilot trial
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Authors: Chung, K.-F., Lee, C.-T., Yeung, W.-F., Chan, M.-S., Chung, E. W.-Y., & Lin, W.-L.
Affiliations: University of Hong Kong (HK)
Queen Mary Hospital (CN)
Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
Waitemata District Health Board (NZ)
Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
Corresponding author: Chung, Ka-Fai
ORCID: Chung, Ka-Fai
Yeung, Wing-Fai
Venue: Family Practice
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2017-11-29
Volume: 35
Issue: 4
Pages: 365-375
ISSN: 0263-2136 (ISSN-L)
1460-2229
DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmx122
OpenAlex: W2770032452
Cited by: 313
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 31 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6
FWCI: 1.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
Locations: Family Practice (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: sleep hygiene education, insomnia, cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, mindfulness-based interventions, sleep efficiency, sleep quality, stepped care, primary care, treatment efficacy comparison
MeSH terms: Sleep Hygiene, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness

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Sleep hygiene education as a treatment of insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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