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Cited by 111Bacterial Genetics and BiotechnologyMicrobial metabolism and enzyme functionHeavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity

Regulation and distinct physiological roles of manganese in bacteria

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Bosma, Elleke F, Rau, Martin H, van Gijtenbeek, Lieke A, Siedler, Solvej·2021·FEMS Microbiology Reviews
DOI 10.1093/femsre/fuab028PMC PMC8632737
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Abstract

Manganese (Mn2+) is an essential trace element within organisms spanning the entire tree of life. In this review, we provide an overview of Mn2+ transport and the regulation of its homeostasis in bacteria, with a focus on its functions beyond being a cofactor for enzymes. Crucial differences in Mn2+ homeostasis exist between bacterial species that can be characterized to have an iron- or manganese-centric metabolism. Highly iron-centric species require minimal Mn2+ and mostly use it as a mechanism to cope with oxidative stress. As a consequence, tight regulation of Mn2+ uptake is required, while organisms that use both Fe2+ and Mn2+ need other layers of regulation for maintaining homeostasis. We will focus in detail on manganese-centric bacterial species, in particular lactobacilli, that require little to no Fe2+ and use Mn2+ for a wider variety of functions. These organisms can accumulate extraordinarily high amounts of Mn2+ intracellularly, enabling the nonenzymatic use of Mn2+ for decomposition of reactive oxygen species while simultaneously functioning as a mechanism of competitive exclusion. We further discuss how Mn2+ accumulation can provide both beneficial and pathogenic bacteria with advantages in thriving in their niches.

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  • Manganese and iron have variable quotas of up to 1 mM, with iron > manganese in most bacteria.

    “The moderate affinity ions, manganese (purple) and iron (red), have variable quotas of up to 1 mM, with iron > manganese in most bacteria.11”

    From Metals in Motion: Understanding Labile Metal Pools in Bacteria (2025) · cites this paper as [11]

    The Introduction says most bacteria have a low manganese requirement and generally use iron rather than manganese as an enzyme cofactor, supporting the broad comparison. It does not establish quotas of up to 1 mM for either metal; the section on manganese-centric bacteria instead reports 30–35 mM intracellular manganese in L. plantarum. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Cellular quotas for manganese and iron are variable and typically <1 mM, about 100-fold lower than K+ and Mg2+ (≥100 mM).

    “Although both are critical nutrients for most bacteria, the cellular quotas for these metals are variable and typically <1 mM,11 a value ∼100-fold lower than K+ and Mg2+ (≥100 mM).”

    From Metals in Motion: Understanding Labile Metal Pools in Bacteria (2025) · cites this paper as [11]

    The Introduction says bacterial requirements for manganese and iron differ by species and that most bacteria have a low manganese requirement under normal growth conditions. It does not establish that cellular quotas for both metals are typically below 1 mM; the “Manganese-centric bacteria” section instead gives an example of 30–35 mM intracellular manganese in L. plantarum. The K+ and Mg2+ comparison follows the citation in the citing sentence and is not assessed as attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.79)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Fe2+ is the dominant oxidation state in the labile iron pool.

    “The transition metals Mn2+ and Fe2+ (the dominant oxidation state in the labile pool) have a moderate affinity for ligands and cells have lower quotas (often ∼0.1 to 1 mM).1,10,11”

    From Metals in Motion: Understanding Labile Metal Pools in Bacteria (2025) · cites this paper as [11]

    The section on oxidative stress resistance discusses Fe2+-loaded enzymes and intracellular Fe2+, but does not identify the dominant oxidation state of the labile iron pool. Searches for “labile iron pool” and “labile pool” found no passage addressing that point; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The transition metals Mn2+ and Fe2+ have a moderate affinity for ligands.

    “The transition metals Mn2+ and Fe2+ (the dominant oxidation state in the labile pool) have a moderate affinity for ligands and cells have lower quotas (often ∼0.1 to 1 mM).1,10,11”

    From Metals in Motion: Understanding Labile Metal Pools in Bacteria (2025) · cites this paper as [11]

    The Mn2+ transporters section discusses low affinity for Mn2+ in the specific case of bacitracin, while the oxidative-stress section says Fe2+ can bind enzymes with high affinity. Neither passage establishes the claimed general, moderate affinity of both metals for ligands. Searches for ligand affinity and the Irving–Williams series found no passage addressing that comparison. (LLM, conf=0.72)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Cells have lower quotas for Mn and Fe, often ∼0.1 to 1 mM.

    “The transition metals Mn2+ and Fe2+ (the dominant oxidation state in the labile pool) have a moderate affinity for ligands and cells have lower quotas (often ∼0.1 to 1 mM).1,10,11”

    From Metals in Motion: Understanding Labile Metal Pools in Bacteria (2025) · cites this paper as [11]

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Authors
Bosma, E. F., Rau, M. H., van Gijtenbeek, L. A., & Siedler, S.
Affiliations
  • Chr. Hansen (Denmark) (DK)
  • Chr. Hansen A/S, Discovery, R&D, 2970 Hoersholm, Denmark
Corresponding author
Siedler, Solvej
ORCID
Venue
FEMS Microbiology Reviews
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2021-05-26
Volume
45
Issue
6
ISSN
  • 0168-6445 (ISSN-L)
  • 1574-6976
DOI
10.1093/femsre/fuab028
PMC
PMC8632737
OpenAlex
W3165283923
Cited by
111
References
14
Citations by year
2026: 31 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 1
FWCI
1.98
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • FEMS Microbiology Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial metabolism and enzyme function
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
Keywords
manganese, manganese transport, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, lactobacilli, competitive exclusion, pathogenic bacteria
MeSH terms
Bacteria, Biological Transport, Iron, Manganese, Oxidative Stress

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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