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The Relationship of Strength to Function in the Older Adult
Abstract
Reduced lower extremity strength has been associated with reductions in gait speed, balance, stair-climbing ability, and getting up from a seated position. The relationship of lower extremity strength and the ability to accomplish selected functional activities was examined in 16 healthy but frail older adults ranging in age from 75 to 88 years (x = 80.9 years). The following measures were obtained for each subject: preferred gait speed under laboratory and free walking conditions, 5 timed chair stand-ups, and time to complete an obstacle course. Strength measures of the hip extensors, hip abductors, knee extensors, planter flexors, and dorsifiexor muscle groups were obtained using a handheld dynamometer. The relationship between the time to complete the functional activities and each of the strength variables was determined using Pearson product moment correlations. In addition, performance was examined in relation to various combinations of strength measures (e.g., hip and knee extension). Weak, nonsignificant hip, knee and ankle strength/functional activity relationships were found for all of the variables examined. When hip extension, knee extension, and ankle plantar flexion strength values were combined and normalized to body weight, a significant strength-to-functional activity relationship was found for 14″ chair stand-ups (r = .636, p < .01). When values for quadriceps strength and gait speed for 35 adults ranging in age from 60–72 years were compared to those for 75–88 year olds, marked differences emerged. A more significant relationship between knee extension force and gait speed was observed for the younger adults (r = .528 vs r = .353). While it would appear that lower extremity strength is a factor in the successful completion of activities of daily living, other variables appear to contribute substantially to normal daily function. Potential barriers to the successful completion of functional tasks for the older adult may be inadequate sensation, pain, joint impairment, poor balance, and fear. It is clear that the role of factors other than muscle strength needs to be identified and investigated.
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“data emerged suggesting that loss of muscle size could not explain most, or even a major portion, of the impaired muscle performance (force, power, etc.) and physical function observed in old age [4, 18–20]”
From Targeting Intramyocellular Lipids to Improve Aging Muscle Function (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
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“Of course, these failures could simply stem from insufficient strength (Brown et al. 1995; Moxley Scarborough et al. 1999), flexibility (Fleckenstein et al. 1988; Gleim and McHugh 1997) or practice (Mouchnino et al. 1992).”
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“In addition, Brown and colleagues have shown that summary measures of leg strength are more strongly associated with gait speed than individual muscle strength scores (42).”
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Age-Related Differences in Maintenance of Balance During Forward Reach to the Floor
Hernandez, M. E., Ashton‐Miller, J. A., & Alexander, N. B. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gls260 · Cited by 13
“Reduced lower extremity strength is associated with self-reported SCK difficulty (9,10) and leg strength has also been associated with functional performance (29,30).”
BackgroundFITNESS-RELATED FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN WALKING SPEED IN ELDERLY WOMEN
TAINAKA, K., & Aoki, J. (2002) · 体力科學 · doi:10.7600/jspfsm1949.51.245 · Cited by 13
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Waist circumference predicts clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in older South Africans.
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“(1995) found that lower body strength was significantly related to lower body function as measured with chair stands in a group of elderly individuals [28].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fukagawa, N. K., Brown, M., Sinacore, D. R., & Host, H. H.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Venue
- The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1995-11-01
- Volume
- 50A
- Issue
- Special
- Pages
- 55-59
- ISSN
- 1079-5006 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-535X
- OpenAlex
- W2035011145
- Cited by
- 321
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 12.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journals of Gerontology Series A (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k01ag000585-05)
- National Institute on Aging (AG05562, AG00585)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- muscle strength, functional performance, older adults, frailty, walking speed, obstacle course, lower limb strength, activities of daily living, hip extensors, knee extensors, ankle plantarflexion
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Ankle, Body Weight, Postural Balance, Female, Foot, Gait, Hip, Humans, Knee, Leg, Locomotion, Male, Middle Aged, Muscle Contraction, Posture, Time Factors, Walking, Frail Elderly, Muscle, Skeletal
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