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Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Energetics Are Associated With Maximal Aerobic Capacity and Walking Speed in Older Adults
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Lower ambulatory performance with aging may be related to a reduced oxidative capacity within skeletal muscle. This study examined the associations between skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity and efficiency with walking performance in a group of older adults. METHODS: Thirty-seven older adults (mean age 78 years; 21 men and 16 women) completed an aerobic capacity (VO2 peak) test and measurement of preferred walking speed over 400 m. Maximal coupled (State 3; St3) mitochondrial respiration was determined by high-resolution respirometry in saponin-permeabilized myofibers obtained from percutanous biopsies of vastus lateralis (n = 22). Maximal phosphorylation capacity (ATPmax) of vastus lateralis was determined in vivo by (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (n = 30). Quadriceps contractile volume was determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Mitochondrial efficiency (max ATP production/max O2 consumption) was characterized using ATPmax per St3 respiration (ATPmax/St3). RESULTS: In vitro St3 respiration was significantly correlated with in vivo ATPmax (r (2) = .47, p = .004). Total oxidative capacity of the quadriceps (St3*quadriceps contractile volume) was a determinant of VO2 peak (r (2) = .33, p = .006). ATPmax (r (2) = .158, p = .03) and VO2 peak (r (2) = .475, p < .0001) were correlated with preferred walking speed. Inclusion of both ATPmax/St3 and VO2 peak in a multiple linear regression model improved the prediction of preferred walking speed (r (2) = .647, p < .0001), suggesting that mitochondrial efficiency is an important determinant for preferred walking speed. CONCLUSIONS: Lower mitochondrial capacity and efficiency were both associated with slower walking speed within a group of older participants with a wide range of function. In addition to aerobic capacity, lower mitochondrial capacity and efficiency likely play roles in slowing gait speed with age.
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“Collectively, these age-related skeletal muscle deficits contribute to reductions in cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen uptake [Vo2 peak]), exercise tolerance, and overall physical function (9, 10).”
From Combined Training Enhances Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Oxidative Capacity Independent of Age (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“recent studies have shown that loss of mitochondrial energetics in sub-optimal aging contributes to slower walking speed [[355], [356], [357], [358]], fatigability [359], multimorbidity [360], frailty [361] and sarcopenia [345,362].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [356]
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“For instance, in a prospective cohort study, walking reduced the risk of dementia in a dose-dependent manner, with walking less than 0.25 miles per day compared to walking > 2 miles per day, controlling for other risk factors [356].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [356]
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“For instance, in a prospective cohort study, walking reduced the risk of dementia in a dose-dependent manner, with walking less than 0.25 miles per day compared to walking > 2 miles per day, controlling for other risk factors [356].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [356]
In the citing paper
“Thus, evidence to date strongly implicates the mitochondria as having a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of age-related functional decline,(Coen, Jubrias, Distefano, Amati, Mackey, Glynn, Manini, Wohlgemuth, Leeuwenburgh, Cummings, Newman, Ferrucci, Toledo, Shankland, Conley, and Goodpaster 2013) and reductions in autophagy appear to be a critical biological mechanism affecting the collective”
From Successful aging: Advancing the science of physical independence in older adults (2015) · cites this paper as Coen et al. 2013
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“Data were collected using a standardized protocol described previously.(14,15) Briefly, participants were instructed to perform an in-magnet rapid knee extension exercise of an average duration of 30 seconds while a total of 75 pulseacquired (31)P-MRS acquisitions with 6-second time resolution were collected for 60 se…”
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“Interestingly, some validation with in vitro techniques has been performed for these (31)P-MRS-based approaches (5, 28, 32, 42).”
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“As instructed, participants performed a fast, intense, ballistic knee extension exercise designed to deplete PCr in the quadriceps muscles with minimal acidification, permitting assessment of maximal oxidative phosphorylation [5].”
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“This is consistent with a recent study showing that higher muscle mitochondrial efficiency was associated with a faster preferred walking speed in older adults (9).”
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Self-citationEvaluation of in vivo mitochondrial bioenergetics in skeletal muscle using NMR and optical methods
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“group, with relevant studies typically having a mean age below 85 (Coen et al., 2013; Choi et al., 2016; Spendiff et al., 2016; Rygiel et al., 2017; Distefano et al., 2017).”
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“Oxidative flux is impaired in people with T2D (Cree-Green et al. 2017, 2018) and contributes to lower cardiorespiratory fitness in this population (Coen et al. 2013).”
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“This relationship also extends to elderly populations where ATPmax was correlated with preferred walking speed [43] and greater self-reported fatigability [61].”
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“…increased mitochondrial performance (Fernström et al. 2004; Porter et al. 2015), and there is tentative evidence that older humans with a more sedentary lifestyle have a reduced walking capacity and speed relating to a lower mitochondrial efficiency (Coen et al. 2013; Distefano et al. 2018).”
BackgroundSkeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Adaptations to Maximal Strength Training in Older Adults
Berg, O. K., Kwon, O. S., Hureau, T. J., Clifton, H. L., Thurston, T. S., Fur, Y. L., Jeong, E., Trinity, J. D., Richardson, R. S., Wang, E., et al. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glaa082 · Cited by 21
“However, the mechanistic basis for the age-related decrease in physical functional capacity is complex, with one leading hypothesis attributing the development of muscle weakness, not solely to diminished muscle mass, but to a primary defect in energy metabolism (2,3), due to mitochondrial dysfunction (4,5).”
BackgroundAlldritt, I., Greenhaff, P. L., & Wilkinson, D. J. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222413575 · Cited by 21
“Taken alongside the association of lower mitochondrial efficiency and capacity with slower walking speeds reported in older adults [129], this suggests reduced mitochondrial function and/or capacity contributes to the sarcopenic phenotype.”
BackgroundMarcinek, D. J., & Ferrucci, L. (2024) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp285040 · Cited by 20
“Skeletal muscle OxCap is also significantly associated with and predicts future declines of gait speed and mobility, even after adjusting for confounders such as muscle strength, sex and comorbidities (Coen et al., 2013; Tian et al., 2022).”
Self-citationAdar, O., Hollander, A., & Ilan, Y. (2023) · Advances in respiratory medicine · doi:10.3390/arm91050028 · Cited by 20
“Over time, mitochondria produce ATP at different rates in different subjects, populations, and environments within the same individual [64–67].”
BackgroundYoshiko, A., Shiozawa, K., Niwa, S., Takahashi, H., Koike, T., Watanabe, K., Katayama, K., & Akima, H. (2023) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-023-01043-6 · Cited by 20
“Besides, skeletal muscle oxidative capacity is associated with muscle strength and exercise performance [4, 5, 10].”
Walking economy at simulated high altitude in human healthy young male lowlanders
Horiuchi, M., Handa, Y., Abe, D., & Fukuoka, Y. (2016) · Biology Open · doi:10.1242/bio.019810 · Cited by 16
“Additionally, preferred walking speed, which was found to be almost consistent with ES in previous studies (Malatesta et al., 2003; Wezenberg et al., 2013), has been suggested to be related to peak aerobic capacity and muscle mitochondrial capacity (Coen et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResultTetri, L. H., Diffee, G. M., Barton, G. P., Braun, R., Yoder, H. E., Haraldsdóttir, K., Eldridge, M. W., & Goss, K. N. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00326 · Cited by 20
“Mitochondrial respiratory capacity has been observed to correlated with walking speed, muscular VO2 and whole body VO2 in untrained individuals (Coen et al., 2013; Gifford et al., 2016).”
BackgroundXu, X., & Wen, Z. (2023) · PubMed Central · Cited by 21
Calf raise exercise increases walking performance in patients with intermittent claudication
van Schaardenburgh, M., Wohlwend, M., Rognmo, Ø., & Mattsson, E. J. R. (2017) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2016.12.106 · Cited by 19
Karavirta, L., Rantalainen, T., Skantz, H., Lisko, I., Portegijs, E., & Rantanen, T. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glaa142 · Cited by 19
Toledo, F. G. S., Dubé, J. J., Goodpaster, B. H., Stefanović-Račić, M., Coen, P. M., & DeLany, J. P. (2018) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22163 · Cited by 19
“Another parameter that we explored was the mitochondrial oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle, which has previously been shown to be highly correlated with VO2max (18,19,28,29).”
Self-citationAdamson, S., Kavaliauskas, M., Lorimer, R., & Babraj, J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17020454 · Cited by 18
“Greater aerobic capacity in older adults has been associated with greater physical function and may, to some extent, explain the improved performance in functional tests [29].”
BackgroundFitzgerald, L. F., Bartlett, M. F., & Kent, J. A. (2023) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.15876 · Cited by 18
“Because mitochondrial energetics are closely associated with maximal aerobic capacity and walking speed in older adults (Coen et al., 2013), future studies should elucidate the specific participant characteristics that are associated with lower muscle oxidative capacity with age.”
BackgroundQiao, Y., Blackwell, T., Cawthon, P. M., Coen, P. M., Cummings, S. R., Distéfano, G., Farsijani, S., Forman, D. E., Goodpaster, B. H., Kritchevsky, S. B., et al. (2024) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2024.02.001 · Cited by 21
“4,8 Further, there might be potential residual confounding given the complex biological pathways linking PA and skeletal muscle energetics.”
Self-citationAoki, K., Konno, M., Honda, K., Abe, T., Nagata, T., Takehara, M., Sugasawa, T., Takekoshi, K., & Ohmori, H. (2020) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics5030048 · Cited by 18
“Reduced mitochondrial activity results in reduced ATP synthesis in muscle cells and overall muscle weakness [16,17], for which aerobic exercise has been demonstrated to have a positive effect.”
BackgroundGrootswagers, P., Smeets, E. T. H. C., Oteng, A., & de Groot, C. P. G. M. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.202912 · Cited by 19
“phosphorylation correlates well with walking speed in studies with comparable populations [42, 43].”
ResultRaman spectroscopy as a tool for detecting mitochondrial fitness
Erjavec, N., Pinato, G., & Ramser, K. (2016) · Journal of Raman Spectroscopy · doi:10.1002/jrs.4930 · Cited by 17
Brown, P. J., Brennan, N. A., Ciarleglio, A., Chen, C., Garcia, C. M., Gomez, S., Roose, S. P., Rutherford, B. R., Simonsick, E. M., Spencer, R. G. S., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2019.03.022 · Cited by 17
Self-citationLiu, F., Wanigatunga, A. A., Zampino, M., Knuth, N. D., Simonsick, E. M., Schrack, J. A., & Ferrucci, L. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glaa201 · Cited by 17
Self-citationMetabolites Associated with Memory and Gait: A Systematic Review
Tian, Q., Mitchell, B. A., Corkum, A. E., Moaddel, R., & Ferrucci, L. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12040356 · Cited by 17
Self-citationKumari, S., Bubak, M. P., Schoenberg, H. M., Davidyan, A., Elliehausen, C. J., Kuhn, K. G., VanWagoner, T. M., Karaman, R., Scofield, R. H., Miller, B. F., et al. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glab358 · Cited by 20
Qiao, Y., Santanasto, A. J., Coen, P. M., Cawthon, P. M., Cummings, S. R., Forman, D. E., Goodpaster, B. H., Harezlak, J., Hawkins, M., Kritchevsky, S. B., et al. (2023) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.14015 · Cited by 16
“This is a functional measure of in vivo ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation (Coen et al., 2013 ).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationMau, T., Blackwell, T., Cawthon, P. M., Molina, A. J. A., Coen, P. M., Distéfano, G., Kramer, P. A., Ramos, S. V., Forman, D. E., Goodpaster, B. H., et al. (2024) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glae101 · Cited by 17
Self-citationSalin, K., Mathieu‐Resuge, M., Graziano, N., Dubillot, E., Grand, F. L., Soudant, P., & Vagner, M. (2020) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105205 · Cited by 17
Impact of age on exercise-induced ATP supply during supramaximal plantar flexion in humans
Layec, G., Trinity, J. D., Hart, C. R., Kim, S., Haseler, L. J., Fur, Y. L., Sorensen, J. R., Jeong, E., & Richardson, R. S. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00522.2014 · Cited by 18
“Despite these limitations, the suggestion in this study (15) that mitochondrial dysfunction can contribute to a reduction in muscle efficiency should not be ruled out, since these two mechanisms (contractile and/or mitochondrial inefficiency) are not mutually exclusive and, in fact, may both explain the increase in th…”
BackgroundTian, Q., Greig, E. E., Walker, K. A., Fishbein, K. W., Spencer, R. G. S., Resnick, S. M., & Ferrucci, L. (2024) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afae079 · Cited by 15
Self-citationChen, S., He, T., Chen, J., Wen, D., Wang, C., Huang, W., Yang, Z., Yang, M., Li, M., Huang, S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.13558 · Cited by 15
“The loss of Yy1 resulted in an increase in fat mass percentage and impaired exercise ability (Figure 6).”
BackgroundAn Ecologist’s Guide to Mitochondrial DNA Mutations and Senescence
Hood, W. R., Williams, A. S., & Hill, G. E. (2019) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icz097 · Cited by 15
Acute resveratrol supplementation in coronary artery disease: towards patient stratification
Diaz, M., Ávila, A., Degens, H., Coeckelberghs, E., Vanhees, L., Cornelissen, V., & Azzawi, M. (2019) · Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal · doi:10.1080/14017431.2019.1657584 · Cited by 15
A Plasma Proteomic Signature of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Function
Zampino, M., Tanaka, T., Ubaida‐Mohien, C., Fantoni, G., Candia, J., Semba, R. D., & Ferrucci, L. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21249540 · Cited by 15
“Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Using a 3T MR scanner (Achieva, Philips Healthcare, Andover, MA, USA), in vivo 31P-MRS measurements of the concentrations of the phosphorus-containing metabolites phosphocreatine (PCr), inorganic phosphate (Pi), and ATP were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle of the le…”
MethodSelf-citationElliehausen, C. J., Minton, D. M., Nichol, A. D., & Konopka, A. R. (2021) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2021.111579 · Cited by 16
Tian, Q., Moore, A. Z., Oppong, R., Ding, J., Zampino, M., Fishbein, K. W., Spencer, R. G. S., & Ferrucci, L. (2021) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13487 · Cited by 12
Self-citationStephenson, M. C., Ho, J. X. M., Migliavacca, E., Kalimeri, M., Karnani, N., Banerji, S., Totman, J. J., Feige, J. N., Merchant, R. A., & Tay, S. K. H. (2023) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.13220 · Cited by 15
Point: Skeletal muscle mechanical efficiency does increase with age
Venturelli, M., & Richardson, R. S. (2012) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01438.2012 · Cited by 16
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Intrinsic Capacity: Insights From a Narrative Review
da Silva, J. A., Rolland, Y., Martinez, L. O., & Barreto, P. D. S. (2022) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glac227 · Cited by 14
Wesson, D. E., Mathur, V. S., & Tangri, N. (2022) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000526679 · Cited by 14
Franczak, E., Maurer, A., Csikós, V., Kugler, B. A., Wells, E., Wenger, M., Peelor, F. F., Crosswhite, A., McCoin, C. S., Koch, L. G., et al. (2023) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-023-00985-1 · Cited by 13
“Aerobic capacity and physical activity status are known to increase markers of mitochondrial content and oxidative metabolism in humans [53, 54], and in rodent models [23].”
Jacob, K. J., Sonjak, V., Spendiff, S., Hepple, R. T., Chevalier, S., Pérez, A., & Morais, J. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.619216 · Cited by 13
“They can also present with increased susceptibility to apoptosis via decreased CRC and/or mPTP opening, which may ultimately lead to fiber atrophy and hampered muscle performance (11, 12).”
BackgroundBittel, D. C., Bittel, A. J., Varadhachary, A. S., Pietka, T., & Sinacore, D. R. (2021) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db20-0688 · Cited by 12
Preventing obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes by targeting MT1-MMP
Asthana, P., & Wong, H. L. X. (2024) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167081 · Cited by 13
Reduced oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle IS NOT an inevitable consequence of adult ageing
Lanza, I. R., Sundberg, C. W., & Kent, J. A. (2024) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp285042 · Cited by 13
“Consequently, an increasing number of laboratories have adopted the permeabilized fibre preparation as a more physiological alternative to the conventional isolated mitochondria approach for studying ageing human skeletal muscle (Coen et al., 2013; Distefano et al., 2017).”
Reproducibility of NIRS-derived mitochondrial oxidative capacity in highly active older adults
Fennell, C. R. J., Mauger, A. R., & Hopker, J. (2023) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2023.112156 · Cited by 14
Wong, T.-C., Chen, Y.-T., Wu, P.-Y., Chen, T.-W., Chen, H.-H., Chen, T.-H., Hsu, Y., & Yang, S. (2016) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2016.02.015 · Cited by 12
Cummings, S. R., Lui, L., Glynn, N. W., Mau, T., Cawthon, P. M., Kritchevsky, S. B., Coen, P. M., Goodpaster, B., Marcinek, D. J., Hepple, R. T., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.18763 · Cited by 12
“22,25 The energy required to walk at one's usual pace increases with aging after the seventh decade and has been associated with slow gait speed over short distances, for example, 6 m. 26 Few other potential correlates of gait speed have been studied.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMonferrer-Marín, J., Roldán, A., Monteagudo, P., Chulvi‐Medrano, I., & Blasco-Lafarga, C. (2022) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-022-00487-y · Cited by 12
Kojima, S., Usui, N., Uehata, A., Hisadome, H., Inatsu, A., Tsuchiya, T., Mawatari, T., & Tsubaki, A. (2023) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.14681 · Cited by 10
“28 In addition, low physical activity in patients undergoing HD has been associated not only with a decline in peakVO 214 but also anxiety and depression.”
BackgroundMuscle fatigability and depressive symptoms in later life
Brown, P. J., Badreddine, D., Roose, S. P., Rutherford, B. R., Ayonayon, H. N., Yaffe, K. S., Simonsick, E. M., Goodpaster, B. H., & Study, F. T. H. A. (2017) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4678 · Cited by 13
“Two potential mechanisms of fatigability in later life have recently been discussed as potential biological markers for the identification of high-risk endophenotypes of LLD: mitochondrial dysfunction and elevated inflammatory cytokines.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Coen, P. M., Jubrias, S. A., Distefano, G., Amati, F., Mackey, D. C., Glynn, N. W., Manini, T. M., Wohlgemuth, S. E., Leeuwenburgh, C., Cummings, S. R., Newman, A. B., Ferrucci, L., Toledo, F. G. S., Shankland, E., Conley, K. E., & Goodpaster, B. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of Washington Medical Center (US)
- California Pacific Medical Center (US)
- University of Florida (US)
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journals of Gerontology: Series A
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-10-09
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 447-455
- ISSN
- 1079-5006 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-535X
- PMC
- PMC3593613
- OpenAlex
- W2115546051
- Cited by
- 323
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 30.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journals of Gerontology Series A (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Pittsburgh (P30-AG024827, UL1RR024153, RR024153)
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000005)
- National Institute on Aging (RC2AG036594, RC2AG036606, P30AG024827, P30AG028740)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01 AR 41928, R01AR041928)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR-024153, UL1RR024153)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- skeletal muscle mitochondria, mitochondrial respiration, maximal aerobic capacity, peak oxygen uptake, walking speed, older adults, mitochondrial efficiency, oxidative capacity, vastus lateralis, aging
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aged, Biopsy, Energy Metabolism, Postural Balance, Female, Humans, Male, Mitochondria, Muscle, Muscle Contraction, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Endurance, Physical Fitness, Walking, Muscle, Skeletal, Quadriceps Muscle
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