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Functional Reach: A New Clinical Measure of Balance
Abstract
A new clinically accessible measure of balance, functional reach (FR), is the difference between arm's length and maximal forward reach, using a fixed base of support. The purposes of this study were to (a) establish FR as a measure of the margin of stability versus the laboratory measure, center of pressure excursion (COPE); (b) test reliability and precision, and (c) determine factors that influence FR, including age and anthropometrics. We evaluated FR in 128 volunteers (age 21-87 years). FR was determined with a precise electronic device and a simple clinical apparatus (yardstick). FR correlates with COPE (Pearson r = .71) and is precise (coefficient of variation = 2.5%) and stable (intraclass correlation coefficient across days = .81). Age and height influence FR. FR is portable, inexpensive, reliable, precise, and a reasonable clinical approximator of the margin of stability. FR may be useful for detecting balance impairment, change in balance performance over time, and in the design of modified environments for impaired older persons.
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Cited by
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Rockwood, K., Andrew, M., & Mitnitski, A. (2007) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/62.7.738 · Cited by 1,291
The Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) to Differentiate Balance Deficits
Horak, F. B., Wrisley, D. M., & Frank, J. (2009) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20080071 · Cited by 1,062
Tai chi and postural stability in patients with Parkinson's disease
Li, F., Harmer, P., Fitzgerald, K., Eckstrom, E., Stock, R., Galver, J., Maddalozzo, G., & Batya, S. S. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1107911 · Cited by 890
Cueing training in the home improves gait-related mobility in Parkinson's disease: the RESCUE trial
Nieuwboer, A., Kwakkel, G., Rochester, L., Jones, D., van Wegen, E., Willems, A. M., Chavret, F., Hetherington, V, Baker, K., & Lim, I. (2007) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.200x.097923 · Cited by 857
Exercise for improving balance in older people
Howe, T. E., Rochester, L., Neil, F., Skelton, D. A., & Ballinger, C. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004963.pub3 · Cited by 809
Metadata
- Authors
- Duncan, P. W., Weiner, D. K., Chandler, J., & Studenski, S.
- Venue
- Journal of Gerontology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1990-11-01
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- M192-M197
- ISSN
- 0022-1422 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2114808153
- Cited by
- 2,873
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 27.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Functional Reach: A New Clinical Measure of Balance. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/geronj/45.6.m192
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- Duncan, P. W., Weiner, D. K., Chandler, J., & Studenski, S. (1990). Functional Reach: A New Clinical Measure of Balance. Journal of Gerontology. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/45.6.m192
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
