Cited by 285Aging, Health, and DisabilityPsychometric Methodologies and TestingDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

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The Development of a Hierarchical Polychotomous ADL-IADL Scale for Noninstitutionalized Elders

Kempen, G. I. J. M., Suurmeijer, T. P. B. M.·1990·The Gerontologist

DOI 10.1093/geront/30.4.497

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Abstract

A hierarchical scale comprising 18 activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) items was tested on a sample of 101 noninstitutionalized people of 60 years and older in a northern part of the Netherlands. Three possible answers per item were used. The results confirmed the possibility of constructing a unidimensional, hierarchical, polychotomous scale for older people, measuring "functional problems on ADL-IADL." Moreover, the possibility of using two separate subscales (for ADL and IADL) was observed.

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Background
Differences in treatment and survival of older patients with operable breast cancer between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands – a comparison of two national prospective longitudinal multi-centre cohort studies
van der Plas-Krijgsman, W. G., Morgan, J., de Glas, N. A., de Boer, A., Martin, C., Holmes, G. R., Ward, S. E., Chater, T., Reed, M., Merkus, J. W. S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Geriatric Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1879-4068(21)00472-0
“…Universal Screening Tool, MUST [28]), cognition (using the MMSE [26]), physical function (using the Timed Up and Go test, TUG [29]) and functional status assessment using the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale (GARS), which consists of eleven items on ADL and seven items on IADL [30].”
Method
Age-Related Disease Burdens, Disparities, and Health Resource Allocation: A Longitudinal Data Analysis of 31 Provinces in Mainland ChinaPreprint
Chen, S., Si, Y., Hanewald, K., Li, B., Bateman, H., Dai, X., Wu, C., & Tang, S. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4054460
Understanding, Addressing, and Managing Activities of Daily Living Limitations in Breast Cancer Survivors
Çelik, H. İ. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-75480-7_34
ADL en IADL
Buurman, B. M. (2025) · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-3136-9_6
Chapter 15. Delirium
Serrano, P., Hathaway, E. E., & Mathur, A. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg15
Chapter 17. Post–Intensive Care Syndrome
Allen, D., Khan, B. A., & Wang, S. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg17
Chapter 11. Evaluation and Treatment of Substance Use Disorders
Reimers, K., & Wiechers, I. R. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg11
Chapter 13. Neuropsychological Testing
Wroolie, T., Cassidy‐Eagle, E. L., & Dunn, L. B. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg13
Chapter 7. Primary Sleep Disorders
Cheng, C. I., & Kushida, C. A. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg07
Chapter 14. Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
Aftab, A., & Kim, D. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg14
Chapter 19. The Social Worker in Geriatric Outpatient Care
Clayton, L. H. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg19
Chapter 22. Driving
O’Connell, C., & Haq, A. U. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg22
Chapter 10. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Smith, K. M., & Haq, A. U. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg10
Chapter 18. Physical Activity
Fairchild, J. K., Phillipps, K., & Louras, P. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg18
Chapter 12. Mild Cognitive Impairment
Predescu, I., & Dunn, L. B. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg12
Chapter 5. Somatic Complaints and Anxiety
Lahijani, S. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg05
Chapter 16. Inpatient Issues: Behavioral and Pharmacological Interventions
Thomas, N. A., Mathys, M. L., & Camp, M. E. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg16
Chapter 6. Pain and Psychological Factors
Darnall, B. D. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg06
Chapter 4. Diagnosis and Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Kokesh, M., & Sewell, D. D. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg04
Functional dependency, plasma biomarkers, and cardiometabolic multimorbidity in Chinese older adults
Bai, A., Zhang, C., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Sang, Y., Wang, Y., Huo, Z., Shi, H., Jiang, Y., & Shen, J. (2025) · Aging Research · doi:10.26599/agr.2025.9340063
Additional file 2 of Patterns and characteristics of cognitive functioning in older patients approaching end stage kidney disease, the COPE-study
van Deudekom, F. J., Kallenberg, M. H., Berkhout-Byrne, N. C., Blauw, G. J., Boom, H., de Bresser, J., van Buchem, M. A., Gaasbeek, A., Hammer, S., Lagró, J., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12109248
Additional file 3 of Patterns and characteristics of cognitive functioning in older patients approaching end stage kidney disease, the COPE-study
van Deudekom, F. J., Kallenberg, M. H., Berkhout-Byrne, N. C., Blauw, G. J., Boom, H., de Bresser, J., van Buchem, M. A., Gaasbeek, A., Hammer, S., Lagró, J., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12109254
Additional file 1 of Patterns and characteristics of cognitive functioning in older patients approaching end stage kidney disease, the COPE-study
van Deudekom, F. J., Kallenberg, M. H., Berkhout-Byrne, N. C., Blauw, G. J., Boom, H., de Bresser, J., van Buchem, M. A., Gaasbeek, A., Hammer, S., Lagró, J., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12109239
Index
(2019) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.index
Plates
(2019) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.bm01
Chapter 3. Working With Depressed Caregivers: Behavioral Activation
Bilbrey, A. C., Cassidy‐Eagle, E. L., & Gallagher-Thompson, D. E. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg03
Chapter 2. Late-Life Depression II
Haq, A. U., & O’Connell, C. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg02
Chapter 24. Practical Strategies for Approaching Grief
Iglewicz, A. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg24
Chapter 8. Evaluation and Management of Insomnia
Cassidy‐Eagle, E. L., Dunn, L. B., & Palesh, O. G. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg08
Chapter 1. Late-Life Depression I
Gallagher-Thompson, D. E., Bilbrey, A. C., Cassidy‐Eagle, E. L., & Thompson, L. W. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg01
Chapter 23. LGBT Issues
Johnson, K. K. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg23
Contributors
(2019) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.fm02
Front Matter
(2019) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.fm01
Acknowledgments
(2019) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.fm04
Chapter 9. Bipolar Disorder
Sommer, B. R. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg09
Chapter 21. Legal Issues in Cognitive Disorders
McGowan, L., & Kelly, M. B. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg21
Chapter 20. Initial Evaluation and Management of Frontotemporal Dementia
Wagner, E. B., Taylor, W. D., & Darby, R. R. (2019) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.lg20
Preface
(2019) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615372577.fm03
No decline in functional status or cognitive function during the first year after treatment initiation for early-stage breast cancer in women aged 75 years and older: a prospective observational matched cohort studyPreprint
van der Plas-Krijgsman, W. G., Blom, J. W., Derks, M. G. M., van Dalen, T., van Gerven, L., Guicherit, O. R., Lans, T. E., Linthorst-Niers, E., Merkus, J. W. S., Vulink, A. J. E., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.10.14.26365509
Determinants of functional decline in community-dwelling older adults
Fieo, R. A. (2011) · ERA

Authors: Kempen, G. I. J. M., & Suurmeijer, T. P. B. M.
Affiliations: University of Groningen (NL)
ORCID: Kempen, G. I. J. M.
Venue: The Gerontologist
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1990-08-01
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Pages: 497-502
ISSN: 0016-9013 (ISSN-L)
1758-5341
DOI: 10.1093/geront/30.4.497
OpenAlex: W2116669982
Cited by: 285
References: 16
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 5.02
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Gerontologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords: activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, functional assessment, hierarchical scales, older adults, non-institutionalized elderly, scale development, functional difficulties
MeSH terms: Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Community Health Services, Disability Evaluation, Home Care Services, Humans, Netherlands, Geriatric Assessment

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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The Development of a Hierarchical Polychotomous ADL-IADL Scale for Noninstitutionalized Elders

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