Cited by 285Aging, Health, and DisabilityPsychometric Methodologies and TestingDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

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The Development of a Hierarchical Polychotomous ADL-IADL Scale for Noninstitutionalized Elders

Kempen, G. I. J. M., Suurmeijer, T. P. B. M.·1990·The Gerontologist

DOI 10.1093/geront/30.4.497

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Abstract

A hierarchical scale comprising 18 activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) items was tested on a sample of 101 noninstitutionalized people of 60 years and older in a northern part of the Netherlands. Three possible answers per item were used. The results confirmed the possibility of constructing a unidimensional, hierarchical, polychotomous scale for older people, measuring "functional problems on ADL-IADL." Moreover, the possibility of using two separate subscales (for ADL and IADL) was observed.

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Lamb, V. L. (1996) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(95)00146-8 · Cited by 62
Professional home care for the elderly: An application of the Andersen-Newman model in The Netherlands
Kempen, G. I. J. M., & Suurmeijer, T. P. B. M. (1991) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(91)90013-3 · Cited by 60
Self-citation
Functional Ability, Social Support, and Depression in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Doeglas, D. M., Suurmeijer, T. P. B. M., van den Heuvel, W. J., Krol, B., van Rijswijk, M. H., Leeuwen, M. A. V., & Sanderman, R. (2004) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1023/b:qure.0000031339.04589.63 · Cited by 60
“The level of functional ability (the physical component of QoL) was conceived as an indicator of the level of chronic strain, and was measured with the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale (GARS) [40-42].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Reliability of Katz's Activities of Daily Living Scale When Used in Telephone Interviews
Ciesla, J. R., Shi, L., Stoskopf, C. H., & Samuels, M. E. (1993) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/016327879301600204 · Cited by 58
The impact of multiple impairments on disability in community-dwelling older people
Kempen, G. I. J. M., Verbrugge, L. M., Merrill, S. S., & Ormel, J. (1998) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/27.5.595 · Cited by 58
“ADL/IADLs were assessed with the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale (GARS) [6, 7].”
MethodSelf-citation
Age‐related changes in activities of daily living ability
Hayase, D., Mosenteen, D., Thimmaiah, D., Zemke, S., Atler, K. E., & Fisher, A. G. (2004) · Australian Occupational Therapy Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1630.2004.00425.x · Cited by 54
Concurrent and Construct Validity of Scores on the Timed Movement Battery
Creel, G., Light, K. E., & Thigpen, M. T. (2001) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/81.2.789 · Cited by 54
Characteristics of disability in activity of daily living in elderly people associated with locomotive disorders
Iwaya, T., Doi, T., Seichi, A., Hoshino, Y. Y., Ogata, T., & Akai, M. (2017) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-017-0543-z · Cited by 54
Patient-reported physical activity questionnaires: a systematic review of content and format
Williams, K., Frei, A., Vetsch, A., Dobbels, F., Puhan, M. A., & Rüdell, K. (2012) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-10-28 · Cited by 52
“Degree of dependence/independence 5 [43,59,63,88,98]”
Background
Validity of instruments to measure physical activity may be questionable due to a lack of conceptual frameworks: a systematic review
Gimeno‐Santos, E., Frei, A. L., Dobbels, F., Rüdell, K., Puhan, M. A., & García‐Aymerich, J. (2011) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-9-86 · Cited by 51
“Kempen, 1990 [33] Elderly Hierarchial Polychotomous ADL-IADL Scale x Functioning in daily life Definition not reported - ADL - IADL”
Necessary and Discretionary Activities in Knee Osteoarthritis: Do They Mediate the Pain–Depression Relationship?
Parmelee, P. A., Harralson, T. L., Smith, L., & Schumacher, H. R. (2007) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2007.00310.x · Cited by 51
A global disability indicator
Verbrugge, L. M. (1997) · Journal of Aging Studies · doi:10.1016/s0890-4065(97)90026-8 · Cited by 49
Functional Limitations in Older Adults Who Have Cognitive Impairment Without Dementia
Gure, T. R., Langa, K. M., Fisher, G. G., Piette, J. D., & Plassman, B. L. (2013) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/0891988713481264 · Cited by 50
“Questions were based on Katz instruments of ADL and IADL function(26,27) and have been used in multiple prior studies.(16,26,31-34) The response options for each item were ‘‘yes,’’ ‘‘no,’’ or ‘‘inapplicable (does n’t do or can’t do),’’ or ‘‘do n’t know.”
The Italian Version of the Tilburg Frailty Indicator
Mulasso, A., Roppolo, M., Gobbens, R. J. J., & Rabaglietti, E. (2015) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027515606192 · Cited by 49
“To investigate disability, the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale (GARS; Kempen & Suurmeijer, 1990; Suurmeijer et al., 1994) was used.”
Disability Experience and Measurement
Verbrugge, L. M. (2016) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264316656519 · Cited by 53
Cognitive and Emotional Predictors of Disablement in Older Adults
Smits, C. H. M., Deeg, D. J. H., & Jonker, C. (1997) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/089826439700900204 · Cited by 49
Risk indicators of depression in residential homes
Eisses, A. M. H., Kluiter, H., Jongenelis, K., Pot, A. M., Beekman, A. T. F., & Ormel, J. (2004) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1137 · Cited by 48
Edentulism and associated factors among community‐dwelling middle‐aged and elderly adults in China
Ren, C., McGrath, C. P. J., & Yang, Y. (2016) · Gerodontology · doi:10.1111/ger.12249 · Cited by 48
THE MOS SHORT-FORM GENERAL HEALTH SURVEY: SINGLE ITEM VS MULTIPLE MEASURES OF HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE: SOME NUANCES
Kempen, G. I. J. M. (1992) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1992.70.2.608 · Cited by 47
Self-citation
Exploring the Hierarchy of Mobility Performance in High-Functioning Older Women
Weiss, C. O., Fried, L. P., & Bandeen‐Roche, K. (2007) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/62.2.167 · Cited by 46
Performance-Based and Self-Reported Physical Functioning in Low-Functioning Older Persons: Congruence of Change and the Impact of Depressive Symptoms
Kempen, G. I. J. M., Sullivan, M. D., van Sonderen, E., & Ormel, J. (1999) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/54b.6.p380 · Cited by 46
Self-citation
Assessing disability in studies on physical activity
Jette, A. M. (2003) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(03)00175-2 · Cited by 45
Predictors of Cognitive Recovery After Cardiac Surgery
Fontes, M. T., Swift, R. C., Phillips‐Bute, B., Podgoreanu, M. V., Stafford‐Smith, M., Newman, M. F., & Mathew, J. P. (2013) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e318273f37e · Cited by 47
Risk and Protective Factors of Different Functional Trajectories in Older Persons: Are These the Same?
Kempen, G. I. J. M., Ranchor, A. V., van Sonderen, E., van Jaarsveld, C. H. M., & Sanderman, R. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/61.2.p95 · Cited by 42
“The GARS meets the stochastic cumulative scalability criteria of the Mokken model (Kempen, Miedema, Ormel, & Molenaar, 1996; Kempen & Suurmeijer, 1990) and has proven its effectiveness for measuring levels of disability in international, comparative, and longitudinal studies, both across countries…”
MethodSelf-citation
A home-based geriatric assessment, follow-up and health promotion program: Design, methods, and baseline findings from a 3-year randomized clinical trial
Rubenstein, L. Z., Aronow, H. U., Schloe, M., Steiner, A., Alessi, C., Yuhas, K. E., Gold, M., Kemp, M., Raube, K., Nisenbaum, R. A., et al. (1994) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/bf03324224 · Cited by 42

Authors: Kempen, G. I. J. M., & Suurmeijer, T. P. B. M.
Affiliations: University of Groningen (NL)
ORCID: Kempen, G. I. J. M.
Venue: The Gerontologist
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1990-08-01
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Pages: 497-502
ISSN: 0016-9013 (ISSN-L)
1758-5341
DOI: 10.1093/geront/30.4.497
OpenAlex: W2116669982
Cited by: 285
References: 16
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 5.02
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Gerontologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords: activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, functional assessment, hierarchical scales, older adults, non-institutionalized elderly, scale development, functional difficulties
MeSH terms: Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Community Health Services, Disability Evaluation, Home Care Services, Humans, Netherlands, Geriatric Assessment

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The Development of a Hierarchical Polychotomous ADL-IADL Scale for Noninstitutionalized Elders

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