The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Race Differences in Characteristics and Experiences of Black and White Caregivers of Older Americans
Open accessAbstract
Background and Objectives: Racial disparities in health and socioeconomic characteristics of older adults have implications for the experiences of their family and unpaid caregivers, but knowledge to date has primarily drawn from convenience samples. Using a population-based sample, we examine associations between caregiver race and caregiving-related effects. Research Design and Methods: Study participants include white (n = 992) and black (n = 556) respondents to the 2015 National Study of Caregiving who assisted community-dwelling older adults with disabilities who participated in the National Health and Aging Trends Study. Guided by Pearlin’s Stress Process Model, hierarchical logistic regression models were constructed to examine race differences in caregiving-related effects after adjusting for caregiving context, stressors, and resources. Results: Relative to white caregivers, blacks more often provided in excess of 40 hr of care per week (54.3% vs 38.6%) and more often cared for an older adult with dementia (27.1% vs 20.7%) who was living below the federal poverty line (31.7% vs 11.9%) or was Medicaid-eligible (42.2% vs 11.8%). Black caregivers more often used supportive services (32.9% vs 24.8%). In fully adjusted regression models, black caregivers were more likely to report gains and less likely to report emotional difficulty than whites. Service utilization did not attenuate caregiving-related emotional difficulty or participation restrictions, regardless of race. Discussion and Implications: Findings highlight caregiving disparities and counterintuitive differences in experiences and indicate the importance of identifying supports such as paid family leave and faith and community-based programming to better support community-dwelling low-income older adults and their family and unpaid caregivers.
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“Black dementia caregivers are also more likely to provide help with ADLs than White dementia, White non-dementia, and Black non-dementia caregivers.420,421”
From 2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2023) · cites this paper as [420]
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“Black dementia caregivers are also more likely to provide help with ADLs than White dementia, White non‐dementia and Black non‐dementia caregivers.”
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“For example, Black caregivers are more likely than White caregivers to report positive aspects of caregiving.420”
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“Some studies indicate no differences (Starr et al., 2022); others fi nd White FCP report greater burden than Black FCP (Fabius et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2022).”
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“…due to a lack of studies comparing Korean and White American caregivers, the differences observed align with prior findings, such as that Black caregivers reported greater fulfillment and lower emotional burden than White caregivers, even in more complex situations (dementia or poverty) [24].”
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Self-citationAltruistic ageing: how age inequality contributes to care work’s construction as a burden
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“Despite these disparities, Black caregivers often report more positive aspects of caregiving (Fabius et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2021), potentially re fl ecting cultural values or resilience.”
Jacobs, M. L., Smith, K., Durkin, D. W., Hulse, P. R. B., Snow, A. L., Alexander, K., & Hilgeman, M. M. (2025) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2025.2572803 · Cited by 1
“For example, although Black caregivers of PWDs often provide more hours of care compared to White caregivers, they tend to report less caregiver burden and better psychosocial well-being (Fabius et al., 2020; Nápoles et al., 2010; Pinquart & Sörensen, 2005).”
A Mixed-Methods Study of Daily Bedtime Routines of African American Family Caregivers
Aldossary, H. M., Griggs, S. A., Pignatiello, G. A., Wang, F. “., & Irani, E. (2025) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/01939459251397766 · Cited by 1
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What Matters Most? Intersectional Correlates of Caregiver Burdens
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“Consistent with Fabius et al. (2020), we expect that race by gender interactions will be the most prominent.”
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“…has found that Black/African American (AA) caregivers report more primary caregiving stressors, including more hours of care, higher intensity care, co-residing with care recipient, and caring for a care recipient with dementia than White caregivers (Fabius et al., 2020; NAC and AARP PPI, 2020).”
A Visualization Tool to Study Dyadic Caregiving Health Profiles
Zhang, Y., Yuan, Y., Roche-Dean, M. V., Vega, I. E., & Gonzalez, R. (2024) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/08982643241255739 · Cited by 1
“Racial minorities and individuals with lower wealth experience a disproportionately higher caregiving burden, adversely affecting their well-being (Brandt et al., 2022; Fabius et al., 2020; Fenton et al., 2022; Tough et al., 2020).”
Pilot Testing Educational Videos for Black Caregivers Receiving Home Hospice Care
Park, T., Parillon, B., Cruz-Oliver, D. M., Sloan, D. H., Reid, M. C., Czaja, S. J., Adelman, R. D., Dignam, R. R., & Phongtankuel, V. (2024) · Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing · doi:10.1097/njh.0000000000001038 · Cited by 1
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McDaniel, C., & Veledar, E. (2021) · HEC Forum · doi:10.1007/s10730-020-09437-1 · Cited by 1
“Notably, persons of color were frequently represented among entry-level occupations; CNAs often identified as persons of color (Fabius et al. 2020).”
BackgroundBlack and White Young Adults’ Support to Midlife Parents
Wood, K., Kim, Y. K., Ng, Y. T., Huo, M. L., & Fingerman, K. L. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbab205 · Cited by 1
Howard, C. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190074456.003.0010
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Howard, C. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190074456.002.0004
Howard, C. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190074456.003.0007
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Howard, C. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190074456.003.0005
Howard, C. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190074456.003.0003
Howard, C. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190074456.003.0009
Howard, C. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190074456.002.0009
Howard, C. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190074456.002.0005
Howard, C. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190074456.003.0001
Howard, C. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190074456.003.0011
Howard, C. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190074456.002.0003
Howard, C. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190074456.003.0008
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Care Demands Ahead of Transitioning Into Residential Care—A Window Into Family Caregiving at Home
Fabius, C. D., Wolff, J. L., & Freedman, V. A. (2023) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.5490
Self-citationPoteat, T., Hall, P., Brooks, M. M., Horn, J. L., Yang, C., Pereira, N., & Adams, M. A. (2023) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2023.0226
“18 These differences between self-rated health and depressive symptoms may also reflect the Strong Black Woman archetype, 31 which prior studies have hypothesized to explain differences between the strong image Black women feel they must pres-ent and the adverse impact of intersectional stressors on…”
Carson, L., & McFARLANE, J. M. (2024) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/14713012241272849
“Moreover, compared to White caregivers, African American caregivers provide up to 40 more hours of care per week (Fabius et al., 2020).”
Reilly, S., Daranciang, B., & Fuchs, K. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780197690024.003.0021
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“Researchexamining racial disparities in caregiving has noted Black women provide higher levels of care intensity but are less likely to report emotional strain or caregiver burden (Fabius et al., 2020; Wolff et al., 2016).”
Self-citationCorrelates of Formal Service Use and Help-Seeking Among Caregivers of Older Adults
Wang, X., & Wang, F. “. (2024) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/07334648241306186
“Second, comparing to White caregivers, racial minority caregivers were found to experience heavier and more time-intensive caregiving demands (Badana et al., 2019; Fabius et al., 2020), which may lead to increased needs and utilization of formal services.”
Duncan, L. T., & Smith, M. S. (2024) · Journal of Social Service Research · doi:10.1080/01488376.2024.2445287
“Acknowledging the increasing diversity of U.S. society, National Association of Social Workers (2010) and Fabius et al. (2020) emphasize a need for development of culturally sensitive caregiving services.”
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“8,28 Moreover, we note that on average the total value of HCBS expenditures per individual with a disability for most states is low.”
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“While Black caregivers are more likely than White caregivers to provide full-time care, they also report less emotional dif-fi culty with caregiving (Fabius et al., 2020).”
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“North American scholarship has illuminated the extraordinary, often invisible labour that Black women contribute as primary caregivers for older relatives (Clerg´e, 2023; Fabius et al., 2020; Fabius & Parker, 2022).”
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“Care partner support needs varied across populations due to cultural traditions, multiple systemic inequities, and the legacies of structural racism (Adkins-Jackson et al., 2023; Fabius et al., 2020).”
Fabius, C. D., Diehl, C., Samus, Q. M., Gallo, J. J., & Wolff, J. L. (2025) · Learning Health Systems · doi:10.1002/lrh2.70029 · Cited by 1
“41,48”
Self-citationJones, S. R., Barsh, D., Williamson, L. D., McIntyre, K. M., & Ledford, C. J. W. (2025) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-025-02636-x
Valles, J. L. (2025) · The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health, Illness, Behavior, and Society · doi:10.1002/9781118410868.wbehibs188.pub2
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“Also, despite providing more intense caregiving, Black caregivers report more positive aspects of caregiving and less emotional difficulty from caregiving compared to White caregivers, which might serve as a psychological resource that helps them better cope with pain (14).”
Iroanyah, N. F., Waldron, I. R. G., Kapiriri, L., Miguel, M. B., Murad‐Kassam, S., Ferrow, L., & Oyinlola, O. (2025) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/14713012251398970
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Lai, W., Nemmers, N. L., Tsuker, S., & Leggett, A. N. (2026) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/01640275251412878
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“For instance, while caregiver burden has been reported to be lower among Black caregivers, Black caregivers experience greater hours of caring compared to White caregivers (Fabius et al., 2020).”
Jia, Y., Cheng, Z., Guo, W., & Li, Y. (2026) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.70558
“Black caregivers provide substantially more hours of care than White caregivers [20].”
Lincoln, K. D., & Wang, F. (2026) · Sociological Focus · doi:10.1080/00380237.2026.2688425
“…(AARP and National Alliance for Caregiving 2020), are more likely to provide care for someone with dementia who is living below the poverty line (Fabius, Wolff, and Kasper 2020), are more likely to provide care in their own homes (Irani et al. 2024), and have more unmet needs (Desin et al.…”
InfluentialLee, L. J., Son, E., Yang, L., Gerrard, C., Yarmovsky, J., & Wallen, G. R. (2026) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/94390
“Prior research also indicates that Black and Hispanic caregivers often rely more heavily on family-centered and kin-based support networks compared with non–Hispanic White caregivers [51, 52].”
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“Midlife and older African American adults (aged 42–68) endorse stronger cultural justifications for caregiving than Whites, regardless of age, supporting the long-standing tradition of framing older and aging adult care as a moral and cultural responsibility (Dilworth-Anderson et al. 2005).”
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The health experiences of Black family caregivers of persons with dementia: An integrative review
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fabius, C. D., Wolff, J. L., & Kasper, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fabius, Chanee D
- Venue
- The Gerontologist
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-05-13
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1244-1253
- ISSN
- 0016-9013 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-5341
- PMC
- PMC7491434
- OpenAlex
- W3024212446
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 27.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- The Gerontologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG047859, R01AG054004, U01AG032947)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational Family Dynamics and Caregiving
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Nursing care and research
- Social Sciences › Life-span and Life-course Studies › Aging, Elder Care, and Social Issues
- Keywords
- racial disparities, informal caregivers, family caregiving, Black caregivers, older adults with disabilities, dementia caregiving, participation restrictions, support services, low-income elderly, Medicaid eligibility, poverty, paid family leave, community-based support programs
- MeSH terms
- Race Factors, Aged, Disabled Persons, Persons with Disabilities, Humans, United States, Caregivers, Independent Living
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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