The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The fragile X mental retardation protein is a ribonucleoprotein containing both nuclear localization and nuclear export signals
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome is a frequent cause of mental retardation resulting from the absence of FMRP, the protein encoded by the FMR1 gene. FMRP is an RNA-binding protein of unknown function which is associated with ribosomes. To gain insight into FMRP function, we performed immunolocalization analysis of FMRP truncation and fusion constructs which revealed a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the amino terminus of FMRP as well as a nuclear export signal (NES) encoded by exon 14. A 17 amino acid peptide containing the FMRP NES, which closely resembles the NES motifs recently described for HIV-1 Rev and PKI, is sufficient to direct nuclear export of a microinjected protein conjugate. Sucrose gradient analysis shows that FMRP ribosome association is RNA-dependent and FMRP is found in ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles following EDTA treatment. These data are consistent with nascent FMRP entering the nucleus to assemble into mRNP particles prior to export back into the cytoplasm and suggests that fragile X syndrome may result from altered translation of transcripts which normally bind to FMRP.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“FMRP is an RNA-binding protein, and, despite its clear shuttling from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (59,60), only the cytoplasmic function of FMRP has been well characterized.”
From Fragile X syndrome: causes, diagnosis, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2012) · cites this paper as [59]
Citations
Cites
Verkerk, A. J. M. H., Pieretti, M., Sutcliffe, J. S., Fu, Y.-H., Kuhl, D. P. A., Pizzuti, A., Reiner, O., Richards, S., Victoria, M. F., Zhang, F., et al. (1991) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90397-h · Cited by 3,481
Fu, Y.-H., Kuhl, D. P. A., Pizzuti, A., Pieretti, M., Sutcliffe, J. S., Richards, S., Verkert, A. J. M. H., Holden, J. J. A., Fenwick, R. G., Warren, S. T., et al. (1991) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90283-5 · Cited by 2,080
Instability of a 550-Base Pair DNA Segment and Abnormal Methylation in Fragile X Syndrome
Oberlé, I., Rousseau, F., Heitz, D., Kretz, C., Devys, D., Hanauer, A., Boué, J., Bertheas, M. F., & Mandel, J. L. (1991) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.252.5009.1097 · Cited by 1,499
Identification of a signal for rapid export of proteins from the nucleus
Wen, W., Meinkotht, J. L., Tsien, R. Y., & Taylor, S. S. (1995) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90435-2 · Cited by 1,190
Fischer, U., Huber, J., Boelens, W. C., Mattaj, I. W., & Lührmann, R. (1995) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90436-0 · Cited by 1,140
Görlich, D., & Mattaj, I. W. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.271.5255.1513 · Cited by 1,081
Devys, D., Lutz, Y., Rouyer, N., Bellocq, J., & Mandel, J. (1993) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0893-335 · Cited by 781
FMR1 Protein: Conserved RNP Family Domains and Selective RNA Binding
Ashley, C. T., Wilkinson, K. D., Reines, D., & Warren, S. T. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7692601 · Cited by 752
DNA methylation represses FMR-1 transcription in fragile X syndrome
Sutcliffe, J. S., Nelson, D. L., Zhang, F., Pieretti, M., Caskey, C. T., Saxe, D., & Warren, S. T. (1992) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/1.6.397 · Cited by 680
The protein product of the fragile X gene, FMR1, has characteristics of an RNA-binding protein.
Siomi, H., Siomi, M. C., Nussbaum, R. L., & Dreyfuss, G. (1993) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90420-u · Cited by 641
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–387 of 387
Chen, Y.-S., Dong, J., Tan, W., Liu, H., Zhang, S., Zou, J., Chen, Y., Bai, S.-Y., & Zeng, Y. (2023) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114586 · Cited by 4
Jiraanont, P., Zafarullah, M., Sulaiman, N., Espinal, G. M., Randol, J. L., Durbin-Johnson, B. P., Schneider, A., Hagerman, R. J., Hagerman, P. J., & Tassone, F. (2024) · Journal of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1016/j.jmoldx.2024.02.007 · Cited by 5
Zhou, Y., Long, J., Fu, J., Sun, W., Hu, F., Huang, H.-Y., Li, W., Gao, M., Shu, Y., Yi, Y., et al. (2019) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.01.028 · Cited by 4
Isolation and Identification of Gene-Specific MicroRNAs
Lin, S.-L., Chang, D. C., & Ying, S. (2012) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-083-0_21 · Cited by 4
Chang, S.-J. E., Chang-Lin, S., Chang, D. C., Chang, C. P., Lin, S.-L., & Ying, S.-Y. (2008) · The Open Neuropsychopharmacology Journal · doi:10.2174/1876523800801010006 · Cited by 4
Fragile X mental retardation: Misregulation of protein synthesis in the developing brain?
Feng, Y. (2002) · Microscopy Research and Technique · doi:10.1002/jemt.10063 · Cited by 4
Yeh, E., & Weiss, L. A. (2016) · Molecular and Cellular Probes · doi:10.1016/j.mcp.2016.10.007 · Cited by 4
Nelson, D. L., Santoro, M. R., & Warren, S. T. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804461-2.00002-0 · Cited by 3
Zhao, X., & Bhattacharyya, A. (2020) · Advances in neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45493-7_2 · Cited by 3
Cha, I. J., Lee, D., Park, S. S., Chung, C. G., Kim, S. Y., Jo, M. G., Kim, S. Y., Lee, B., Lee, Y., & Lee, S. B. (2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.14348/molcells.2020.0158 · Cited by 3
Role of Repeat-Associated MicroRNA (ramRNA) in Fragile X Syndrome (FXS)
Lin, S.-L., & Ying, S. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8533-8_14 · Cited by 3
INVITED REVIEW - Inherited skeletal muscle disorders
N. G. Laing, F. L. M. (1999) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.1080/030144699282435 · Cited by 4
Fragile X-Linked Mental Retardation
Gantois, I., Kooy, R. F., & Oostra, B. A. (2006) · Wiley-VCH eBooks · doi:10.1002/3527600906.mcb.200300051 · Cited by 3
Nelson, D. L. (1998) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-726-0_118 · Cited by 3
Bruford, E. A. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11121937 · Cited by 3
Fragile X—A Family of Disorders: Changing Phenotype and Molecular Genetics
Spector, E. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1688-4_19 · Cited by 2
Fragile X Syndrome: A Disorder of Synaptic Protein Synthesis Dynamics
Muddashetty, R. S., Nalavadi, V., & Bassell, G. J. (2012) · Journal of the Indian Institute of Science · Cited by 2
Recent Progress in Polymerase II-Mediated Intronic microRNA Expression Systems
Lin, S.-L., & Ying, S. (2009) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420008708.ch15 · Cited by 2
Crawford, D. C., & Howard‐Peebles, P. N. (2005) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1385/1-59259-833-1:495 · Cited by 2
Zebrafish as a Model to study Human Disease: Functional Studies of the FXR Proteins
Padje, S. V. ‘. (2007) · Cited by 2
Fragile X mental retardation protein interacts with TDG
Chen, Y., Bardoni, B., Yu, M., Zhu, N., Wu, G., Mandel, J., & Shen, Y. (2000) · Chinese Science Bulletin · doi:10.1007/bf02887096 · Cited by 2
Pacey, L. K. K. (2013) · Journal of Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.4172/2157-7633.s12-001 · Cited by 1
D’Incal, C. P., Dierckx, B., Vingerhoets, C., van Haelst, M. M., Annear, D. J., Dijck, A. V., Bastini, L., Konings, A., Elinck, E., Mateiu, L. M., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41431-025-01967-x · Cited by 1
The enigma of nuclear FMRP: facts and myths
Khandjian, É. W., & Davidovic, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2026.1756661 · Cited by 1
Chromosomal fragility and human genetic disorders
Baskaran, S., & Brahmachari, V. (2000) · Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/bf02867554 · Cited by 1
Miteva, D., Dimitrov, R., Kitanova, M., & Genova, G. (2014) · Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment · doi:10.1080/13102818.2014.937897 · Cited by 1
Padeeri, M., Reddy, C., Jain, N., Reddy, S. K., & Patel, R. (2011) · The Indian Cow/The Indian cow : the scientific and economic journal · Cited by 1
Targeting the GABAB Receptor in Fragile X Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorders
Healy, A. M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46044-4_13 · Cited by 1
Leguay, K., Acevedo, M., Colic, E., Patel, P. U., Abadi, S. S. K., Chan, H. L., Sun, S., Lang-Ouellette, D., Chan, B., Zhan, X., et al. (2025) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2025.110341 · Cited by 2
Insights into the human Fragile X syndrome gene family using Drosophila melanogaster
Coffee, R. L. (2011) · Cited by 1
Huot, M. (2005) · Corpus Université Laval (Université Laval) · Cited by 1
The Fragile X Syndrome and the Fragile X Mutation
Hirst, M. C., & Fisch, G. S. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-353-8_14 · Cited by 1
Role of mGluR5 and FMRP in mouse primary somatosensory cortex
Wijetunge, L. S. (2009) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)
Molekulare Grundlagen neurologischer Trinukleotidblockexpansionssyndrome
Epplen, J. T., & Haupt, A. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-57043-8_18
Fragile X Syndrome: From Pathophysiology to New Therapeutic Perspectives
D’Antoni, S., Spatuzza, M., Carmela, M., Aloisi, E., Musumeci, S. A., & Vincenza, M. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/31387
Molecular Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis
Phillips, J. A. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444314342.ch11
Chapter 5.3 Trinucleotide repeat disorders
Sandberg, G., Lindblad‐Toh, K., Oostra, B. A., Schalling, M., Crusio, W. E., Gerlai, R. T., & Huston, J. P. (1999) · Techniques in the behavioral and neural sciences · doi:10.1016/s0921-0709(99)80060-1
Variabilidade do domínio KH-2 da proteína do retardo mental do X frágil (FMRP)
Velloso, F. J. (2013) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.41.2013.tde-21032014-090729
Levantamento de proteínas candidatas a ativadoras do splicing do éxon 12 do gene FMR1
de Campos, M. V. (2014) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.41.2014.tde-26082014-152426
Natalin, P. (2009) · heiDOK (Heidelberg University) · doi:10.11588/heidok.00008939
Expressão de isoformas da proteína do retardo mental do X frágil (FMRP) e sua regulação
Velloso, F. J. (2008) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.41.2008.tde-19032009-144613
Implicancias del gen FMR1 en la función ovárica
Ferder, I. C. (2014) · Repositorio Digital Institucional de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (Universidad de Buenos Aires)
Romancino, D. P., Guarneri, P., Cascio, C., Dalmazio, S., Guarneri, R., & Carlo, M. D. (2001) · Molecular Cell Biology Research Communications · doi:10.1006/mcbr.2001.0305
Corrêa, J. D. C. (2014) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.41.2014.tde-01092014-085006
History Tends to Repeat: FMR-1 Silencing in Fragile X Syndrome
Haas, J. G. (2007) · Eukaryon
A Fragile Synapse: Changes at the Synapse in Fragile X Syndrome
Webber, A. J., & Christie, B. R. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-32562-0_31
Molecular Characterisation and Assessment of Clinical Significance of Small Fragile X Alleles
Khaniani, M. S., & Derakhshan, S. M. (2013) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.5681/jarcm.2013.001
Social dysfunction and mental retardation
Pietropaolo, S., Sluyter, F., & Crusio, W. E. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107360556.010
FRAGILE X SYNDROME IN NORTHERN FINLAND
Väisänen, M. (1999)
Petrova, M., Молле, Е., Nedelcheva‐Veleva, M., & Genova, G. (2014) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)
Multipotent neural stem/progenitor cells as a model of genetic neuronal diseases
Kärkkäinen, V. (2012) · UEF eRepo (University of Eastern Finland)
Rôle de la protéine FMRP dans la formation et le dynamisme des granules à ARN
Mellaoui, S. (2012) · Corpus Université Laval (Université Laval)
Dysregulated ERK signal pathway and immune profiles in Fragile X Syndrome
Weng, N. (2012) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Funktionelle Charakterisierung von FMRP, dem Krankheitsgenprodukt des Fragilen X-Syndroms
München, L.-M.-U. (2004)
FMRP and the Pathophysiology of Fragile X Syndrome
Barnes, S. A., Thomson, S. R., Kind, P. C., & Osterweil, E. K. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800109-7.00008-x
Virus-mediated Delivery of the Fmr1 Gene as a Tool for the Treatment of Fragile X Syndrome
Moghaddam, S. G. (2016) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Kim, M. (2014) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Molecular mechanisms involved in altered differentiation of neural progenitors in Fragile X Syndrome
Achuta, V. S. (2018) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Molecular Correlates of Fragile X Syndrome and FXTAS
Tassone, F., & Hagerman, P. J. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-33336-3_2
Cooperative Regulation of Translational Repression by FMRP and the miRNA Pathway
Kaul, N. (2018) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver)
Denman, R. B. (2011) · Results and problems in cell differentiation · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21649-7_19
Ribeiro, M. D. (2018) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.41.2018.tde-09052018-085516
The expression pattern of FMRP and MAP-1b during tooth development
Kim, H. J. (2017) · The Korean Journal of Oral Anatomy · doi:10.35607/kjoa.38.1.201712.004
Functional characterization of the TTF complex and its role in neurodevelopmental disorders
Brosi, C. (2018) · Online Publication Service of Würzburg University (Würzburg University) · doi:10.25972/opus-15778
What Can the Study of Behavioral Phenotypes Teach Us About the Pathway from Genes to Behavior?
Flint, J. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-353-8_4
Davidovic, L. (2013) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.718169565.793487178
Fmr1 exon 14 skipping in late embryonic development of the rat forebrain
Corrêa-Velloso, J. C., Linardi, A., Glaser, T., Velloso, F. J., Rivas, M. P., Leite, R. E. P., Grinberg, L. T., Ulrich, H., Akins, M. R., Chiavegatto, S., et al. (2022) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/s12868-022-00711-1 · Cited by 1
Analysis of ribosomes from WT and FMR1 KO human embryonic stem cellsPreprint
Kharbanda, T., D’Souza, M. N., Palakodeti, D., Muddashetty, R. S., & Vinothkumar, K. R. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.11.18.624098
Dionne, O., Gaudreau, G.-L., Bergis, C., Avino, M., Sabatié, S., Corbin, F., & Laurent, B. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.08.31.673358
Toward peptide-based protein replacement in fragile X syndrome: Evaluating the N-tat strategy
Kent, O. A. (2025) · Medicine in Drug Discovery · doi:10.1016/j.medidd.2025.100244
Oxytocin and Vasopressin in Autism and Genetic Syndromes
Levin‐Decanini, T., Francis, S. M., Sagar, A., Liu, W., Carter, C. S., & Jacob, S. (2015) · Contemporary clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2190-4_14
Additional file 1 of Fmr1 exon 14 skipping in late embryonic development of the rat forebrain
Corrêa-Velloso, J. C., Linardi, A., Glaser, T., Velloso, F. J., Rivas, M. P., Leite, R. E. P., Grinberg, L. T., Ulrich, H., Akins, M. R., Chiavegatto, S., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19947736
RNA-Binding Proteins: Modulators of Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway
Czap, M. S., Singh, V., & Spiegelman, V. S. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27010205
Involvement of mGluR5/Homer crosstalk disruption in the pathophysiology of Fragile X Syndrome
Aloisi, E. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/e628d840zb6adz4e63z9d1fz71559b23fe24
Felgerolle, C. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/fbd5cf69zed5az4a57zbfdez48e26a937a72
Drozd, M. M. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/bd6e393fzd4c4z4de0z8980z0e6ffa109757
Pathophysiological consequences of a Fragile X missense mutation
Garcia, M. P. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b8e86263z5926z4a83zbaf6z0f61bf2d15f9
Pathophysiology of the FMRP-R138Q Fragile X Syndrome missense mutation in mice
Chato-Astrain, I. (2025) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/ce8d1ccfz4554z4c55z8782z624e392f72a1
Boon, M., Mulligan, M. R., Verseput, J. J. A., Šakić, B., Schreurs, P., Coll-Tané, M., Accogli, A., Alderman, E., Athey, T. B. T., Boerkoel, C. F., et al. (2026) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2026.07.007
Wagner, V. A., Maples, S., Thapa, R., Wimberly, J., Pettijohn, E., Varallo, A., Rais, M., Sutley-Koury, S. N., Hickmott, P., & Ethell, I. M. (2026) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.70541
Nova Mediates Experience Dependent Processing of Orb2A mRNA
Gill, J. S. (2013) · Cited by 1
Paluszkiewicz, S. M. (2011) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)
Molekulargenetische Grundlagen des fra(X)-Syndroms—Diagnostik und therapeutische Hilfen
Steinbach, P. J. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-57043-8_17
Jastrzębski, K., Kacperska, M. J., Pietras, T., & Radek, M. (2013) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)
Metadata
- Authors
- Eberhart, D.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Eberhart, D.
- Venue
- Human Molecular Genetics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1996-08-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1083-1091
- ISSN
- 0964-6906 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2083
- OpenAlex
- W2106239245
- Cited by
- 390
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 9.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Human Molecular Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Institutes of Health
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 20521)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Keywords
- fragile X syndrome, FMRP, FMR1 gene, nuclear localization signal, nuclear export signal, ribonucleoprotein, RNA-binding proteins, ribosome association, exon 14, protein localization, translational regulation
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Biological Transport, Active, Cell Nucleus, Exons, Fragile X Syndrome, Humans, Models, Biological, Molecular Sequence Data, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Ribonucleoproteins, Ribosomes, Transfection, RNA-Binding Proteins, COS Cells, Protein Sorting Signals, Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review