The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Vaginal bleeding in very early pregnancy
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Little is known about the occurrence and patterns of vaginal bleeding during the earliest stages of pregnancy. We explore this in a prospective study of early pregnancy. METHODS: A total of 221 healthy women kept daily diaries and provided daily urine samples while trying to become pregnant. Of these, 151 women became clinically pregnant [i.e. pregnancy that lasted >/=6 weeks beyond last menstrual period (LMP)] during the study. Diaries provided information on days with vaginal bleeding and sexual intercourse. Urine hormone assays were used to identify ovulation and implantation. Women were interviewed about their medical histories and lifestyle factors. RESULTS: A total of 14 women (9%) recorded at least 1 day of vaginal bleeding during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy. Twelve of these 14 pregnancies continued to a live birth. Bleeding tended to occur around the time when women would expect their periods, although rarely on the day of implantation. Bleeding was not associated with intercourse. CONCLUSIONS: Early bleeding in clinical pregnancies is generally light, and not likely to be mistaken for LMP. Thus, early bleeding is unlikely to contribute to errors in LMP-based gestational age. We found no support for the hypothesis that implantation can produce vaginal bleeding. Similarly, intercourse did not cause bleeding. Nearly all women with bleeding went on to have successful pregnancies.
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Incidence of early loss of pregnancy
Wilcox, A. J., Weinberg, C. R., O'Connor, J. F., Baird, D. D., Schlatterer, J. P., Canfield, R. E., Armstrong, E. G., & Nisula, B. C. (1988) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198807283190401 · Cited by 2,354
Time of Implantation of the Conceptus and Loss of Pregnancy
Wilcox, A. J., Baird, D. D., & Weinberg, C. R. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199906103402304 · Cited by 1,081
Everett, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7099.32 · Cited by 406
Chronological aspects of ultrasonic, hormonal, and other indirect indices of ovulation
Ecochard, R., Boehringer, H., Rabilloud, M., & Marret, H. (2001) · BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2001.00194.x · Cited by 149
Baird, D. D., McConnaughey, D. R., Weinberg, C. R., Musey, P. L., Collins, D. C., Kesner, J. S., Knecht, E. A., & Wilcox, A. J. (1995) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199509000-00015 · Cited by 142
Errors in gestational age: evidence of bleeding early in pregnancy.
Gjessing, H. K., Skjærven, R., & Wilcox, A. J. (1999) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.89.2.213 · Cited by 119
Vaginal bleeding and adverse reproductive outcomes: a meta‐analysis
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Effect of vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy on outcome.
Batzofin, J. H., Fielding, W. L., & Friedman, E. A. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 75
Assessing human fertility using several markers of ovulation
Dunson, D. B., Weinberg, C. R., Baird, D. D., Kesner, J. S., & Wilcox, A. J. (2001) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.716 · Cited by 63
FREQUENCY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF BLEEDING IN EARLY PREGNANCY
Speert, H. (1954) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1954.03690260004002 · Cited by 54
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Jauniaux, E. R. M., Poston, L., & Burton, G. J. (2006) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dml016 · Cited by 613
Length of human pregnancy and contributors to its natural variation
Jukic, A. M. Z., Baird, D. D., Weinberg, C. R., McConnaughey, D. R., & Wilcox, A. J. (2013) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/det297 · Cited by 311
The role of ultrasound imaging in diagnosing and investigating early pregnancy failure
Jauniaux, E. R. M., Johns, J., & Burton, G. J. (2005) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.1892 · Cited by 188
Patterns and Predictors of Vaginal Bleeding in the First Trimester of Pregnancy
Hasan, R., Baird, D. D., Herring, A. H., Olshan, A. F., Funk, M. L. J., & Hartmann, K. E. (2010) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.02.006 · Cited by 122
Vaginal Bleeding during Pregnancy and Preterm Birth
Yang, J., Hartmann, K. E., Savitz, D. A., Herring, A. H., Dole, N., Olshan, A. F., & Thorp, J. M. (2004) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwh180 · Cited by 118
Metadata
- Authors
- Harville, E. W.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Harville, E.W.
- ORCID
- Harville, E.W.
- Venue
- Human Reproduction
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-09-01
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1944-1947
- ISSN
- 0268-1161 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2350
- OpenAlex
- W2124718044
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 0.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Human Reproduction (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Reproductive System and Pregnancy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Health and Technologies
- Keywords
- vaginal bleeding, early pregnancy, implantation, ovulation, last menstrual period, gestational age estimation, sexual intercourse, pregnancy outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Birth Rate, Coitus, Female, Humans, Menstrual Cycle, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Pregnancy Outcome, Pregnancy Trimester, First, Prospective Studies, Uterine Hemorrhage
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