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Cited by 137Smoking Behavior and CessationGlobal Cancer Incidence and ScreeningHead and Neck Cancer Studies

Associations between Cigarette Smoking and Each of 21 Types of Cancer: A Multi-Site Case-Control Study

SIEMIATYCKI, JACK, KREWSKI, DANIEL, FRANCO, EDUARDO, KAISERMAN, MURRAY·1995·International Journal of Epidemiology
DOI 10.1093/ije/24.3.504
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Although the effects of cigarette smoking on cancer risk have been well documented, there remain several outstanding issues to be clarified, including the determination of which types of cancer are associated with smoking and estimation of the magnitude of the effect of smoking on different types of cancer. A further issue is whether the effects seen elsewhere can be demonstrated in Canada, where tobacco products differ somewhat from those in other countries. METHODS: A case-control study was undertaken in Montreal to investigate the associations between a large number of environmental and occupational exposures on the one hand, and several types of cancer on the other. Between 1979 and 1985, interviews were carried out with incident male cases of 21 types of cancer, including 15 anatomical sites and six histological subtypes. The interview was designed to obtain detailed information on smoking histories, job histories, and other potential confounders. Altogether, 3730 cancer patients and 533 population controls were interviewed. For each type of cancer analysed, two control groups were used: population controls and cancer controls (selected from among other cancer patients). The purpose of the present analysis is to estimate the relative risk of each of 21 types of cancer in relation to smoking and to estimate the percentage of cancer cases attributable to cigarette smoking. RESULTS: Separate analyses conducted with the two control groups produced similar results. Of the many sites of cancer examined, the following were not associated with cigarette smoking: colon, rectum, liver, prostate, kidney and skin (melanoma). Within the lymphoreticular system, there was no excess risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma, although the results for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were weakly suggestive of an association with smoking. The following sites were clearly associated with smoking: lung (odds ratio [OR] = 12.1), bladder (OR = 2.4), oesophagus (OR = 2.4), stomach (OR = 1.7), and pancreas (OR = 1.6). Population attributable risk percentages due to smoking were 90% for lung, 53% for bladder, 54% for oesophagus, 35% for stomach, and 33% for pancreas. CONCLUSIONS: Of the 21 types of cancer examined, the following were associated with smoking among men in Montreal: lung (including all major histological subtypes), bladder (and its main histological subtypes), oesophagus, stomach and pancreas. Smoking likely accounts for a large proportion of cancers occurring at these sites.

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  • Using different controls in case-control studies has similar underlying principles to cross-context studies, but differences in exposure misclassification rather than confounding structures is the most common use.

    “Using different controls in case control studies22 has similar underlying principles to those described above for cross-context studies, but here differences in exposure misclassification (rather than confounding structures) is the most common use of this approach.22–24”

    From Triangulation in aetiological epidemiology (2017) · cites this paper as [23]

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Authors
SIEMIATYCKI, J., KREWSKI, D., FRANCO, E., & KAISERMAN, M.
Affiliations
  • Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie (CA)
  • Health Canada (CA)
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Epidemiology
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
1995
Volume
24
Issue
3
Pages
504-514
ISSN
  • 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
  • 1464-3685
DOI
10.1093/ije/24.3.504
OpenAlex
W2146098564
Cited by
137
References
41
Citations by year
2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 6
FWCI
3.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • International Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Otorhinolaryngology › Head and Neck Cancer Studies
Keywords
cigarette smoking, cancer risk, lung cancer, bladder cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, histological subtypes, attributable risk, men, Montreal, occupational exposure, environmental exposure, smoking cessation, tobacco control, smoking cessation interventions, smoking cessation counseling, smoking cessation referral, smoking cessation support
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Quebec, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Smoking, Time Factors, Case-Control Studies

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