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Metabolic risk score and cancer risk: pooled analysis of seven cohorts
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: There are few data on the joint influence of metabolic factors on risk of separate cancers. METHODS: We analysed data on body mass index, blood pressure and plasma levels of glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides from seven European cohorts comprising 564 596 men and women with a mean age of 44 years. We weighted those factors equally into a standardized metabolic risk score [MRS, mean = 0, standard deviation (SD) = 1], with an individual's level indicated as SDs from the sex- and cohort-specific means. Cancer hazard ratios were calculated by Cox regression with age as timescale and with relevant adjustments including smoking status. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 12 years, 21 593 men and 14 348 women were diagnosed with cancer. MRS was linearly and positively associated with incident cancer in total and at sites (P < 0.05). In men, risk per SD MRS was increased by 43% (95% confidence interval: 27-61) for renal cell cancer, 43% (16-76) for liver cancer, 29% (20-38) for colon cancer, 27% (5-54) for oesophageal cancer, 20% (9-31) for rectal cancer, 19% (4-37) for leukaemias, 15% (1-30) for oral cancer and 10% (2-19) for bladder cancer. In women, risk increases per SD MRS were 56% (42-70) for endometrial cancer, 53% (29-81) for pancreatic cancer, 40% (16-67) for renal cell cancer, 27% (9-47) for cervical cancer and 17% (3-32) for rectal cancer. CONCLUSION: This largest study to date on the joint influence of metabolic factors on risk of separate cancers showed increased risks for several cancers, in particular renal cell and liver cancer in men and endometrial and pancreatic cancer in women.
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“This may decrease the measurement precision, but would rather lead to underestimation than overestimation of the association (28) .”
From Irregular eating of meals in adolescence and the metabolic syndrome in adulthood: results from a 27-year prospective cohort (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
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Metformin as a Therapeutic Target in Endometrial Cancers
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“Another meta-analysis of 7 European cohorts reported a 56% increase in endometrial cancer risk per increase of one standard deviation in a composite metabolic risk score derived from sex- and cohort-specific means in body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose (18).”
BackgroundEpigenome-wide association study of metabolic syndrome in African-American adults
Akinyemiju, T., Do, A. N., Patki, A., Aslibekyan, S. W., Zhi, D., Hidalgo, B., Tiwari, H. K., Absher, D., Geng, X., Arnett, D. K., et al. (2018) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-018-0483-2 · Cited by 75
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Metabolic Risk Profile and Cancer in Korean Men and Women
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ResultMetabolic syndrome and the risk of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: a case-control study
Montella, M., Maso, M. D., Crispo, A., Grimaldi, M., Bosetti, C., Turati, F., Giudice, A., Libra, M., Serraino, D., Vecchia, C. L., et al. (2015) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1769-9 · Cited by 58
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InfluentialGong, J., Sachdev, E., Robbins, L., Lin, E. M., Hendifar, A. E., & Mita, M. M. (2017) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2017.5572 · Cited by 56
Metabolically (un)healthy obesity and risk of obesity-related cancers: a pooled study
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“19 % in women) as well as in other European populations((19)), but not consistently so worldwide((20))); in model 2, model 1 plus BMI (pre-existing metabolic situation associated with meal regularity at age 16 years); and in model 3, model 2 plus high alcohol intake, smoking status, physical activity, daily consumptio…”
BackgroundVisceral Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
Elliott, J. A., & Reynolds, J. V. (2021) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.627270 · Cited by 49
“For EAC, with MetS defined using a standardized metabolic risk score, a significant association between the metabolic risk score and EAC was observed exclusively in male patients (33).”
MethodLafranconi, A., Micek, A., Galvano, F., Rossetti, S., Pup, L. D., Berretta, M., & Facchini, G. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9111223 · Cited by 49
“In recent epidemiological studies, such risk has been associated not only with insulin resistance and diabetes, but also with the metabolic syndrome that is characterized by the coexistence of various factors, such as abdominal obesity, low levels of high density lipoprotein, elevated levels of triglycerides and low l…”
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Sidorkiewicz, I., Jóźwik, M., Niemira, M., & Kretowski, A. J. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12092559 · Cited by 51
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“MetS has been associated with increased risks of cardiovascular disease, total mortality,(12) and various malignancies.(13,14) In a prior study of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare data, we demonstrated that MetS was associated with an increased risk of BE, the precursor lesion of EA.”
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Kokts‐Porietis, R. L., McNeil, J., Nelson, G. S., Courneya, K. S., Cook, L. S., & Friedenreich, C. M. (2020) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.06.488 · Cited by 43
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MASH as an emerging cause of hepatocellular carcinoma: current knowledge and future perspectives
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“As the overall prognosis in early endometrial cancer is good, it is important to avoid overtreatment, especially in elderly women who often have increased comorbidity and an increased risk of complications.(8,9) Lymphedema is a well-known long-term complication after LA and the incidence and symtoms might increase ove…”
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“Growing epidemiological evidence indicates that the presence of MetS would not only increase the risk of cardiovascular disease(8) but also increase the risk of several different cancer diseases, such as colorectal cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, and bladder cancer.(9) The latest researches sugges…”
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“Furthermore, most studies assessed GC risk through cancer registries (Russo et al., 2008; Inoue et al., 2009; Osaki et al., 2012; Lindkvist et al., 2013; van Kruijsdijk et al., 2013; Lin et al., 2015; Stocks et al., 2015), and OS or CSM by using physical or phone follow-up (Kim et al.”
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“Hyperglycemia Renal cell and liver cancer in men; Endometrial and pancreatic cancers in women are increased Europe; Taiwan [161, 162]”
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“…diabetes and glioma (Schwartzbaum et al, 2005; Edlinger et al, 2012) and prostate cancer (Van Hemelrijck et al, 2011; Haggstrom et al, 2014), associations between prediagnostic serum glucose and cholesterol levels and cancer incidence are generally positive (Bosco et al, 2015; Stocks et al, 2015).”
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“Cardiometabolic traits, including the components of the MetS, are typically important predictors for CVD, but have also been implicated in carcinogenics(11).”
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“(%) Hypertension 544 (25) 462 (24) 82 (33) .”
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The Impact of Diabetes on Gynecologic Cancer: Current Status and Future Directions
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“Due to good prognosis of primary endometrial cancer, it is possible and necessary to avoid over treatment, especially for elderly women on whom often increases the risk of complications [11].”
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“38 of patients with sarcopenia and NAFLD were non ‐ obese.”
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“In a sample of 275 premenopausal women, adherence to the recommendations was associated with lower concentrations of biomarkers that indicate oxidative stress and inflammation,(7) while in a larger sample of 2,092 women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer, women who adhered to more dietary recommendations were less…”
ResultBilski, J., Pinkas, M., Wójcik-Grzybek, D., Magierowski, M., Korbut, E., Mazur-Biały, A. I., Krzysiek-Mączka, G., Kwiecień, S., Magierowska, K., & Brzozowski, T. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23073942 · Cited by 23
“An association has also been demonstrated between the metabolic syndrome and BE and EAC, and interestingly, this relationship is stronger for men and, for them, these effects appear to be independent of previous GERD history [81,82].”
BackgroundVelasco, J. A. V.-R., García-Jiménez, E. S., García‐Zermeño, K. R., Morel-Cerda, E. C., Aldana-Ledesma, J. M., Castro‐Narro, G., Cerpa‐Cruz, S., Tapia-Calderón, D. K., Mercado-Jauregui, L. A., & Contreras-Omaña, R. (2019) · Revista de Gastroenterología de México · doi:10.1016/j.rgmx.2019.05.004 · Cited by 21
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Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Extrahepatic Cancers: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing?
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“Some authors also showed that high levels of a metabolic risk score composed of five features (blood pressure, BMI, total cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose levels) were associated with renal cell cancer development [241].”
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“This could minimize potential risks associated with BCG use, prevent delays in the use of more effective alternative treatments and help preserve BCG for those who are likely to benefit, which is particularly important in the setting of worldwide BCG shortages.4,5 Recent investigations have demonstrated an association…”
BackgroundInfluentialNagel, G., Bjørge, T., Jaensch, A., Peter, R. S., Häggström, C., Lang, A. H., Engeland, A., Teleka, S., Jirström, K., Lindquist, D., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.33530 · Cited by 17
“During the past years evidence was accumulating for an association between cancer and metabolic syndrome; a constellation of obesity and insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia,.(9,10) However, there are virtually no studies on the relationship between these factors and cancer of the small intestine altogeth…”
BackgroundSelf-citationChang, C., Lin, M., Chen, Y., Tu, L., Jane, S.-W., & Chen, M. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008788 · Cited by 17
“Recently, several studies reported that metabolic syndrome is associated with many types of cancers, such as liver cancer, oesophageal cancer, colon cancer and oral cancer.(17) 18 Investigations conducted in Germany(19) and India(13) found that occupation and educational inequality are significantly associated with or…”
BackgroundZhang, Q., Chen, P., Tian, R., He, J., Han, Q., & Fan, L. (2022) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s346972 · Cited by 17
“Studies by stocks and Otunctemur et al found that patients with invasive renal cell carcinoma complicated with MS or diabetes had larger tumors and lower grades.(35,36) Also in this study, we found that MS patients with ccRCC had higher pathological stage, lower grade and larger tumor diameter than non MS patients wit…”
ResultClinical profile and outcome of patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis and metabolic syndrome
Cioffi, G., Viapiana, O., Tarantini, L., Orsolini, G., Idolazzi, L., Ognibeni, F., Dalbeni, A., Gatti, D., Fassio, A., Rossini, M., et al. (2020) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-020-02520-y · Cited by 16
Bril, F., & Elbert, A. E. (2024) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156066 · Cited by 17
Sha, H., Hu, D., Wu, S., Peng, F., Xu, G., Fan, G., Lin, X., Chen, G., Liang, B., Chen, Y., et al. (2018) · Journal of Cancer · doi:10.7150/jca.23631 · Cited by 16
“There are various modelling means in assessing the development of common complex diseases by synthesizing multivariate data for clinical use, such as the Framingham heart study ‘points’ system [19], survival-rate-based score system [37], standardized Z-score system [38] and so on.”
MethodWinn, M., Karra, P., Haaland, B. A., Doherty, J. A., Summers, S. A., Litchman, M. L., Gunter, M. J., Playdon, M. C., & Hardikar, S. S. (2022) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.4912 · Cited by 14
Metabolic syndrome: Nutri-epigenetic cause or consequence?
Ochoa, A. D. S., Velasteguí, E., Falconí, I. B., García-Solorzano, V. I., Rendón-Riofrio, A., Sanguña-Soliz, G. A., Berghe, W. V., & Orellana‐Manzano, A. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21106 · Cited by 15
“…by insulin resistance, or abdominal obesity, hyper-glycemia, dyslipidemia, and arterial hypertension [1], which promotes chronic comorbidity diseases such as type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers or can elicit intergenerational epigenetic alterations in prenatal growth [2].”
Insulin resistance in NSCLC: unraveling the link between development, diagnosis, and treatment
Zhan, S., Wang, L., Wang, W., & Li, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1328960 · Cited by 14
“By achieving and sustaining a healthy weight, individuals can effectively mitigate the risk of both insulin resistance and lung cancer (78).”
BackgroundNagase, K., Tobu, S., Kusano, S., Takahara, K., Udo, K., & Noguchi, M. (2018) · Current Urology · doi:10.1159/000447229 · Cited by 14
Use of aspirin and bleeding-related complications after hepatic resection
Gelli, M., Allard, M., Farges, O., Paugam‐Burtz, C., Mabrut, J., Regimbeau, J., Vibert, É., Boleslawski, E., Adam, R. A., Aussilhou, B., et al. (2018) · British journal of surgery · doi:10.1002/bjs.10697 · Cited by 14
Shen, T., Zhao, J., Li, W., Wang, X., Gao, Y., Wang, Z., Hu, S., & Cai, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1280060 · Cited by 14
“Large prospective epidemiologic studies and retrospective analyses have found that metabolic abnormalities may increase the risk of cervical cancer (23, 24).”
BackgroundMetabolic Syndrome Resolved within Two Years is Still a Risk Factor for Kidney Cancer
Oh, T. R., Han, K., Choi, H. S., Kim, C. S., Bae, E. H., Kwon, S. S., & Kim, S. W. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8091329 · Cited by 15
Wieshammer, S., Dreyhaupt, J., Müller, D., Momm, F., & Jakob, A. (2016) · Oncology · doi:10.1159/000443505 · Cited by 13
Extrahepatic complications of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Velasco, J. A. V.-R., García-Jiménez, E. S., García‐Zermeño, K. R., Morel-Cerda, E. C., Aldana-Ledesma, J. M., Castro‐Narro, G., Cerpa‐Cruz, S., Tapia-Calderón, D. K., Mercado-Jauregui, L. A., & Contreras-Omaña, R. (2019) · Revista de Gastroenterología de México (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rgmxen.2019.05.004 · Cited by 13
“A European study found a linear increase in the risk for developing kidney cancer in patients with components of metabolic syndrome, compared with controls (43% in men and 40% in women), even after making adjustments for the factors of smoking, diet, and heredity.(52) In another study conducted on 118 patients that un…”
BackgroundMetabolic disorders and the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a case–control study in Italy
Zucchetto, A., Taborelli, M., Bosetti, C., Montella, M., Vecchia, C. L., Franchin, G., Libra, M., Serraino, D., & Polesel, J. (2016) · European Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.1097/cej.0000000000000286 · Cited by 12
Serum galectin-3BP as a novel marker of obesity and metabolic syndrome in Chinese adolescents
Zhen, S., Ma, Y., Han, Y., Zhao, Z., Yang, X., & Wen, D. (2021) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001894 · Cited by 12
Metabolic Syndrome in Endometrial Cancer Patients: Systematic Review
Adambekov, S., Yi, Y., Fabio, A., Miljkovic, I., Edwards, R. P., Lopa, S., & Linkov, F. Y. (2019) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2018.0106 · Cited by 11
Siewchaisakul, P., Wang, S., Peng, S.-M., Sarakarn, P., Chen, L.-S., Chen, T. H.-H., Yeh, Y., & Yen, A. M. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041971 · Cited by 11
Li, B., Li, M., Qi, X., Tong, T., & zhang, G. (2024) · Human Genomics · doi:10.1186/s40246-024-00608-6 · Cited by 9
“There is a well-established correlation between metabolic syndrome and an elevated susceptibility to a wide range of malignancies, such as renal cell cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, endometrial cancer, and pancreatic cancer, among others [10].”
BackgroundNutrition in Gynecologic Cancer
Cantrell, L., Saks, E., Grajales, V., & Duska, L. (2015) · Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports · doi:10.1007/s13669-015-0130-2 · Cited by 9
Association of a genetic variant in the angiopoietin-like protein 4 gene with metabolic syndrome
kharazmi-Khorassani, S., Khorassani, J. K., Rastgar‐Moghadam, A., Samadi, S., Ghazizadeh, H., Tayefi, M., Ferns, G. A., Ghayour‐Mobarhan, M., Avan, A., & Esmaily, H. (2019) · BMC Medical Genetics · doi:10.1186/s12881-019-0825-8 · Cited by 8
Lee, H., Tang, J.-H., Chen, Y., Wu, W., Juan, Y., Li, W., & Chan, T. (2020) · International Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s10147-020-01834-3 · Cited by 8
Quagliarini, E., Caputo, D. D., Cammarata, R., Caracciolo, G., & Pozzi, D. (2023) · Cancer Nanotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12645-023-00170-1 · Cited by 8
Cázarez-García, D., Laclette, M. R. L., Markow, T. A., & Winkler, R. (2017) · Integrative Biology · doi:10.1039/c7ib00155j · Cited by 8
Links between oral diseases and metabolic syndrome: a narrative review
Syed, H., Sehra, S., Farzadi, S., & Niazi, S. A. (2025) · BDJ · doi:10.1038/s41415-025-8324-0 · Cited by 7
“31,32 It has been theorised that the biological mechanism occurring is through the effects of insulin resistance which cause a dysregulation in lipid signalling, thus altering the levels of inflammatory markers and cytokines.”
Aljahdali, A., Baylín, A., Ludwig-Borycz, E. F., & Guyer, H. (2021) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02717-7 · Cited by 7
“MetS is considered a risk factor for the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [2–4], cardiovascular-related mortality, all-cause mortality [2, 4], diabetes [2], and other chronic diseases [5].”
BackgroundJun, S., Lee, S., Lee, J., & Kim, J. (2022) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2022.01.017 · Cited by 8
Yang, Y., Bao, W., Sang, Z., Yang, Y., Meng, L., & Xi, X. (2017) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2017.7489 · Cited by 7
“Another aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanisms that mediate associated with tumor occurrence (15,16).”
Body mass index and other risk factors for kidney cancer in men: a cohort study in Lithuania
Everatt, R., Virvičiūtė, D., & Tamošiūnas, A. (2019) · Central European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.21101/cejph.a5080 · Cited by 7
“Metabolic factors (6, 10, 11), including overweight and obesity (9–17) or elevated blood pressure (9, 10, 14, 16) have been established as causes of kidney cancer.”
BackgroundAlves, S. I. P. M. D. N., Sonego, D. R. N., Fudimura, K. A., Hallack, M. L., Azzalis, L. A., Junqueira, V. B. C., Rocha, K. C., Fonseca, F. L. A., Figueiredo, F. W. D. S., & Fonseca, F. L. A. (2019) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.02.012 · Cited by 7
Ko, E. J., Kim, E. J., Cho, H. J., Oh, J., Park, H. S., Ryu, C. S., Kim, J. O., Jun, H. H., Chong, S. Y., Kim, J. W., et al. (2022) · Genes & Genomics · doi:10.1007/s13258-022-01246-9 · Cited by 6
“Furthermore, MetS is associated with an increased risk of several malignancies (Stocks et al. 2015), especially CRC (Moghaddam et al.”
BackgroundPotential adverse effects of botanical supplementation in high-fat-fed female mice
Fuller, S. E., Yu, Y., Mendoza, T. M., Ribnicky, D., Cefalu, W. T., & Floyd, Z. E. (2018) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-018-0199-1 · Cited by 6
Feng, D., Song, P., Yang, Y., Wei, W., & Li, L. (2021) · Translational Cancer Research · doi:10.21037/tcr-20-3350 · Cited by 6
“It is notable that MS has been demonstrated as a possible predisposing factor for the development and progression of various malignant tumors, including renal cell cancer, live cancer, oesophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer and bladder cancer (7,12,13).”
BackgroundMetabolic syndrome-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: Questions still unanswered
Pawlik, T. M., & Soubrane, O. (2015) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.03.035 · Cited by 6
“MetS remains an important risk factor for both de novo and recurrent HCC, with an increased risk of HCC as high as 40–50% over baseline populations [15].”
BackgroundSevere fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in China
Yan, M., & Niu, W. (2018) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30569-3 · Cited by 6
Xiong, J., Luo, X., Liu, L., & Gong, X. (2024) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2024.103093 · Cited by 5
A 2-es típusú diabetes mellitus prevalenciájának változása szájüregi carcinomás betegek körében
Bányai, D., Végh, D., Vaszilkó, M., Végh, Á., Ács, L., Rózsa, N. K., Hermann, P., Németh, Z., & Ujpál, M. (2018) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/650.2018.31076 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Stocks, T., Bjørge, T., Ulmer, H., Manjer, J., Häggström, C., Nagel, G., Engeland, A., Johansen, D., Hallmans, G., Selmer, R., Concin, H., Tretli, S., Jonsson, H., & Stattin, P.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- Cancer Registry of Norway (NO)
- Innsbruck Medical University (AT)
- Umeå University (SE)
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Stocks, Tanja
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2015-02-03
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1353-1363
- ISSN
- 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3685
- PMC
- PMC4588859
- OpenAlex
- W2132610504
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 8
- FWCI
- 7.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- International Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway)) (submittedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Wereld Kanker Onderzoek Fonds
- World Cancer Research Fund (2007/09)
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- metabolic risk score, cancer risk, body mass index, blood pressure, plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, renal cell carcinoma, liver cancer, endometrial cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, rectal cancer, leukemia, oral cancer, bladder cancer, cervical cancer, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Risk Factors, Triglycerides, Cohort Studies, Body Mass Index, Proportional Hazards Models, Metabolic Syndrome
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