The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Robust inference in summary data Mendelian randomization via the zero modal pleiotropy assumption
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Background: Mendelian randomization (MR) is being increasingly used to strengthen causal inference in observational studies. Availability of summary data of genetic associations for a variety of phenotypes from large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) allows straightforward application of MR using summary data methods, typically in a two-sample design. In addition to the conventional inverse variance weighting (IVW) method, recently developed summary data MR methods, such as the MR-Egger and weighted median approaches, allow a relaxation of the instrumental variable assumptions. Methods: Here, a new method - the mode-based estimate (MBE) - is proposed to obtain a single causal effect estimate from multiple genetic instruments. The MBE is consistent when the largest number of similar (identical in infinite samples) individual-instrument causal effect estimates comes from valid instruments, even if the majority of instruments are invalid. We evaluate the performance of the method in simulations designed to mimic the two-sample summary data setting, and demonstrate its use by investigating the causal effect of plasma lipid fractions and urate levels on coronary heart disease risk. Results: The MBE presented less bias and lower type-I error rates than other methods under the null in many situations. Its power to detect a causal effect was smaller compared with the IVW and weighted median methods, but was larger than that of MR-Egger regression, with sample size requirements typically smaller than those available from GWAS consortia. Conclusions: The MBE relaxes the instrumental variable assumptions, and should be used in combination with other approaches in sensitivity analyses.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Additional approaches to test the exclusion restriction include weighted median56 and mode.57”
From Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology using Mendelian Randomisation (STROBE-MR): explanation and elaboration. (2021) · cites this paper as [57]
In the citing paper
“The MR-PRESSO method is a variation on the IVW method that first sequentially removes genetic variants from the analysis whose variant-specific causal estimate differs substantially from those of other variants 21 .”
From Guidelines for performing Mendelian randomization investigations (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Density Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis
Silverman, B. W. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781315140919 · Cited by 15,938
Bowden, J., Davey Smith, G., & Burgess, S. (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyv080 · Cited by 9,816
Self-citationBowden, J., Davey Smith, G., Haycock, P. C., & Burgess, S. (2016) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.21965 · Cited by 8,922
Self-citationDensity Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis
(1986) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-3324-9 · Cited by 8,514
Mendelian Randomization Analysis With Multiple Genetic Variants Using Summarized Data
Burgess, S., Butterworth, A., & Thompson, S. G. (2013) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.21758 · Cited by 6,050
Davey Smith, G., & Ebrahim, S. (2003) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyg070 · Cited by 5,882
Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies
Davey Smith, G., & Hemani, G. (2014) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddu328 · Cited by 4,677
Willer (2013) · doi:10.1038/ng.2797 · Cited by 2,983
Burgess, S., Bowden, J., Fall, T., Ingelsson, E., & Thompson, S. G. (2017) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000559 · Cited by 2,017
Self-citationA framework for the investigation of pleiotropy in two‐sample summary data Mendelian randomization
Bowden, J., Del Greco M, F., Minelli, C., Davey Smith, G., Sheehan, N., & Thompson, J. (2017) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.7221 · Cited by 1,887
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 28 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 1,004
Huang, Y., Wang, H., Xu, C., Zhou, F., Su, H., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1218051 · Cited by 25
Ward-Caviness, C. K., de Vries, P. S., Wiggins, K. L., Huffman, J. E., Huffman, J. E., Yanek, L. R., Bielak, L. F., Giulianini, F., Guo, X., Kleber, M. E., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216222 · Cited by 25
Self-citationMinică, C. C., Boomsma, D. I., Dolan, C. V., de Geus, E., & Neale, M. C. (2020) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa013 · Cited by 23
Impact of insomnia on ovarian cancer risk and survival: a Mendelian randomization study
Wang, H., Reid, B. M., Richmond, R. C., Lane, J. M., Saxena, R., Gonzalez, B. D., Fridley, B. L., Redline, S. S., Tworoger, S. S., & Wang, X. (2024) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105175 · Cited by 24
Shared genetic architecture and bidirectional clinical risks within the psycho-metabolic nexus
Guo, X., Feng, Y., Ji, X., Jia, N., Maimaiti, A., Lai, J., Wang, Z., Yang, S., & Hu, S. (2024) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105530 · Cited by 31
Liyanage, U. E., Ong, J., An, J., Gharahkhani, P., Law, M. H., & MacGregor, S. (2019) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-0940 · Cited by 24
Smoking and multiple sclerosis risk: a Mendelian randomization study
Vandebergh, M., & Goris, A. (2020) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-020-09980-4 · Cited by 25
Xu, Q., Zhang, S., Wang, R., Weng, Y.-J., Cui, X., Wei, X., Ni, J., Ren, H., Zhang, L., & Pei, Y. (2021) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxab025 · Cited by 24
Extensive Mendelian randomization study identifies potential causal risk factors for severe COVID-19
Sun, Y., Zhou, J., & Ye, K. (2021) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-021-00061-9 · Cited by 23
Georgakis, M. K., Parodi, L., Frerich, S., Mayerhofer, E., Tsivgoulis, G. K., Pirruccello, J. P., Słowik, A., Rundek, T., Malik, R., Dichgans, M., et al. (2022) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.26332 · Cited by 25
Applying Mendelian randomization to appraise causality in relationships between nutrition and cancer
Wade, K. H., Yarmolinsky, J., Giovannucci, E. L., Lewis, S. J., Millwood, I. Y., Munafo, M. R., Meddens, S. F. W., Burrows, K., Bell, J. A., Davies, N. M., et al. (2022) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-022-01562-1 · Cited by 25
Self-citationHu, Z. Y., Zhou, F., Kaminga, A. C., & Xu, H. (2022) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.63.5.37 · Cited by 25
Causal association of leisure sedentary behavior with arthritis: A Mendelian randomization analysis
Cao, Z., Li, Q., Li, Y., & Wu, J. (2023) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2023.152171 · Cited by 25
Hatcher, C., Richenberg, G., Waterson, S., Nguyen, L. H., Joshi, A. D., Carreras‐Torres, R., Moreno, V. R., Chan, A. T., Gunter, M. J., Lin, Y., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-31840-0 · Cited by 26
Association between dietary habits and the risk of migraine: a Mendelian randomization study
Liu, X., Yu, Y., Hou, L., Yu, Y., Wu, Y., Wu, S., He, Y., Ge, Y., Wei, Y., Luo, Q., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1123657 · Cited by 25
Inflammatory bowel disease and prostate cancer risk: a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis
Cheng, W., Liao, Y., Mou, R., Xiao, X. M., & Jia, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1157313 · Cited by 25
Yue, M., Jin, C., Jiang, X., Xue, X., Wu, N., Li, Z., & Zhang, L. (2023) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep5030037 · Cited by 24
Gut microbiota and cognitive performance: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization
Wang, Q., Song, Y.-X., Wu, X., Luo, Y.-G., Miao, R., Yu, X.-M., Guo, X., Wu, D.-Z., Bao, R., Mi, W., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.083 · Cited by 24
Zhou, A., Morris, H. A., & Hyppönen, E. (2019) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-019-05118-z · Cited by 24
Mulugeta, A., Lumsden, A. L., & Hyppönen, E. (2021) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.02.010 · Cited by 25
Zhou, D., Zhou, T., Tang, S., Li, Q., Li, W., Gan, G., Li, M., & Qiu, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1354950 · Cited by 27
Gu, Y., Jiang, L., Shui, M., Luo, H., Zhou, X., Zhang, S., Jiang, C., Huang, J., Chen, H., Tang, J., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1452392 · Cited by 24
Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., Li, C., Tian, H., Weng, X., Lin, C., Zhang, D., Zhao, Y., Li, X., Cheng, J., et al. (2024) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-024-00606-5 · Cited by 23
Omega-3 Fatty Acids as Protective Factors for Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Xue, C. C., Li, H., Yu, M., Chong, C. C. Y., Fan, Q., Tham, Y. C., Cheung, C. M. G., Wong, T. Y., Chew, E. Y., & Cheng, C. (2024) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2024.12.005 · Cited by 24
Introduction to Mendelian randomization
Yeung, S. L. A., Luo, S., Iwagami, M., & Goto, A. (2024) · Annals of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.37737/ace.25004 · Cited by 26
Palmu, J., Watrous, J. D., Mercader, K., Havulinna, A. S., Lagerborg, K. A., Salosensaari, A., Inouye, M., Larson, M. G., Rong, J., Vasan, R. S., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.120.017598 · Cited by 23
Assessment of causal associations between uric acid and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels
Han, Y., Zhang, Y., & Zeng, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1024675 · Cited by 22
Tan, Y., He, Q., & Chan, K. H. K. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1050049 · Cited by 23
Hypothyroidism and rheumatoid arthritis: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
Gao, Y., Fan, Z., & Shi, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1179656 · Cited by 22
Association between Gut Microbiota and Biological Aging: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study
Ye, C., Li, Z., Ye, C., Li, Y., Wu, K., & Zhu, C. (2024) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12020370 · Cited by 25
Zeng, P., Yu, X., & Xu, H. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00543 · Cited by 22
(GICC), T. G. I. C.-C. S., Zhang, C., Ostrom, Q. T., Semmes, E. C., Ramaswamy, V., Hansen, H. M., Morimoto, L. M., de Smith, A. J., Pekmezci, M., Vaksman, Z., et al. (2020) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-020-01038-w · Cited by 23
Cai, X., Thorand, B., Hohenester, S. D., Prehn, C. P., Cecil, A., Adamski, J., Zeller, T., Dennis, A., Banerjee, R., Peters, A., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1223162 · Cited by 24
Pan, H., Liu, C.-X., Zhu, H.-J., & Zhang, G.-F. (2024) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-024-01906-z · Cited by 24
Rajesh, A. E., Olvera‐Barrios, A., Warwick, A., Wu, Y., Stuart, K. V., Biradar, M. I., Ung, C. Y., Khawaja, A. P., Luben, R., Foster, P. J., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-55198-7 · Cited by 32
Gage, S. H., Sallis, H., Lassi, G., Wootton, R. E., Mokrysz, C., Smith, G. D., & Munafo, M. R. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720003402 · Cited by 25
Little evidence for an effect of smoking on multiple sclerosis risk: A Mendelian Randomization study
Mitchell, R. E., Bates, K., Wootton, R. E., Harroud, A., Richards, J. B., Smith, G. D., & Munafo, M. R. (2020) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000973 · Cited by 22
Mendelian randomisation study of smoking exposure in relation to breast cancer risk
Park, H. A., Neumeyer, S., Michailidou, K., Bolla, M. K., Wang, Q., Dennis, J., Ahearn, T. U., Andrulis, I. L., Anton‐Culver, H., Antonenkova, N., et al. (2021) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-021-01432-8 · Cited by 22
Obesity causally influencing brain cortical structure: a Mendelian randomization study
Chen, W., Feng, J., Guo, J., Dong, S., Li, R., Ngo, J. C. K., Wang, C., Ma, Y., & Dong, Z. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad214 · Cited by 24
Wang, Q., Hu, S., Qi, L., Wang, X., Jin, G., Wu, D., Wang, Y., & Ren, L. (2023) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-023-00220-z · Cited by 24
Liu, Y., Clarke, R., Bennett, D., Zong, G., & Gan, W. (2024) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.031732 · Cited by 25
Kar, S., Andrulis, I. L., Brenner, H., Burgess, S., Chang-Claude, J. C., Considine, D., Dörk, T., Evans, D. G., Gago-Domínguez, M., Giles, G. G., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-019-00485-7 · Cited by 21
Lloyd, E. C., Sallis, H., Verplanken, B., Haase, A. M., & Munafo, M. R. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02883-8 · Cited by 22
Nounu, A., Greenhough, A., Heesom, K. J., Richmond, R. C., Zheng, J., Weinstein, S. J., Albanes, D., Baron, J. A., Hopper, J. L., Figueiredo, J. C., et al. (2021) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-1176 · Cited by 23
Shi, F., Zhang, G., Li, J., Shu, L., Yu, C., Ren, D., Zhang, Y., & Zheng, P. (2024) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.14741 · Cited by 20
Ren, Y., Zhang, Y., Cheng, Y., Qin, H., & Zhao, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1348685 · Cited by 21
Glycemic traits and Alzheimer’s disease: a mendelian randomization study
Pan, Y., Chen, W., Yan, H., Wang, M., & Xiang, X. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.103887 · Cited by 23
Zhou, F., Liu, Z., Guo, Y., & Xu, H. (2021) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.13483 · Cited by 21
Causal Associations of Urate With Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization
Lukkunaprasit, T., Rattanasiri, S., Ongphiphadhanakul, B., McKay, G. J., Attia, J., & Thakkinstian, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.687279 · Cited by 21
Peters, T., Antel, J., Naaresh, R., Laabs, B., Föcker, M., Albers, N., Bühlmeier, J., Hinney, A., Libuda, L., & Hebebrand, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.733606 · Cited by 21
Chen, Y., Huang, M., Xuan, Y., Li, K., Xu, X. P., Wang, L., Sun, Y., Xiao, L., Xu, P., Kong, W., et al. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11111171 · Cited by 20
Cancers and COVID-19 Risk: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Li, Z., Wei, Y., Zhu, G., Wang, M., & Zhang, L. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14092086 · Cited by 22
Pu, B., Gu, P., Zheng, C., Ma, L., Zheng, X., & Zeng, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.926190 · Cited by 21
D’Urso, S., Arumugam, P., Weider, T., Hwang, L., Bond, T. A., Kemp, J. P., Warrington, N. M., Evans, D. M., O’Mara, T. A., & Moen, G.-H. (2022) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02585-w · Cited by 22
The Causal Relationship between Psoriasis, Psoriatic Arthritis and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Sun, Y., Li, Y., Li, J., Xie, X., Gu, F., Sui, Z., Zhang, K., & 于铁成 (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24872-5 · Cited by 25
Zhou, H., Luo, Y., Zhang, W., Xie, F., Deng, C., Zheng, W., Zhu, S., & Wang, Q. (2023) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.15702 · Cited by 22
A bidirectional Mendelian randomized study of classical blood lipids and venous thrombosis
Lin, L., Luo, P., Yang, M., Wang, J., Hou, W., & Xu, P. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-31067-z · Cited by 21
Yang, M., Yu, H., Xu, K., Xie, J., Zheng, H., Feng, R., Wang, J., & Xu, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1047640 · Cited by 20
Muscle Traits, Sarcopenia, and Sarcopenic Obesity: A Vitamin D Mendelian Randomization Study
Sutherland, J. P., Zhou, A., & Hyppönen, E. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15122703 · Cited by 23
Causal Relationship between Gut Microbiota and Gout: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study
Wang, M., Fan, J., Huang, Z., Zhou, D., & Wang, X. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15194260 · Cited by 21
Fang, J., Luo, C., Zhang, D., He, Q., & Liu, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1265711 · Cited by 23
Zhao, P., Han, F., Liang, X., Li, M. C., Yu, B., Liu, X., & Tian, J. (2023) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.031447 · Cited by 22
Li, R., Peng, L., Deng, D., Li, G., & Wu, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1329847 · Cited by 22
Qiu, Y., Wei, X., Tao, Y., Song, B., Wang, M., Yin, Z., Xie, M., Duan, A., Chen, Z., & Wang, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1284594 · Cited by 22
Bao, J., Zhao, Z., Qin, S., Cheng, M., Wang, Y., Li, M., Jia, P., Li, J., & Yu, H. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05789-x · Cited by 21
Qi, G., & Chatterjee, N. (2020) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa262 · Cited by 20
Huang, S.-Y., Yang, Y.-X., Zhang, Y.-R., Kuo, K., Li, H.-Q., Shen, X.-N., Chen, S.-D., Chen, K.-L., Dong, Q., Tan, L., et al. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-220050 · Cited by 21
Jeong, S., Kim, J., Cho, Y., Koh, S. B., Kim, N., & Choi, J. R. (2020) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-020-01050-4 · Cited by 20
Abidin, F. N. Z., Wells, H. R. R., Altmann, A., & Dawson, S. J. (2021) · npj Aging and Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1038/s41514-021-00069-4 · Cited by 20
Wang, M., Jian, Z., Gao, X., Chi, Y., Jin, X., Li, H., & Wang, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.742952 · Cited by 20
Xiu, X., Zhang, H., Xue, A., Cooper, D. N., Li, Y., Yang, Y., Yang, Y., & Zhao, H. (2022) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02476-0 · Cited by 24
Hua, L., Xiang, S., Xu, R., Xu, X., Liu, T., Shi, Y., Wu, L., Wang, R., & Sun, Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.976579 · Cited by 20
Kong, L., Ye, C., Wang, Y., Zheng, J., Zhao, Z., Li, M., Xu, Y., Lu, J., Chen, Y., Xu, M., et al. (2023) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.15532 · Cited by 22
Karageorgiou, V., Gill, D., Bowden, J., & Zuber, V. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.80063 · Cited by 20
Self-citationLei, S., Liu, Z., & Li, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1247413 · Cited by 20
Obesity and head and neck cancer risk: a mendelian randomization study
Gui, L., He, X., Tang, L. M., Yao, J., & Pi, J. (2023) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12920-023-01634-4 · Cited by 22
Tin, A., Fohner, A. E., Yang, Q., Brody, J. A., Davies, G., Yao, J., Liu, D., Caro, I., Lindbohm, J. V., Duggan, M. R., et al. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-05454-1 · Cited by 20
Causal effects of gut microbiome on endometriosis: a two-sample mendelian randomization study
Liu, Z., Chen, P., Luo, L.-L., Liu, Q., Shi, H., & Yang, X. (2023) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-023-02742-0 · Cited by 21
Tu, J., Wen, J., Luo, Q., Li, X., Wang, D. Y., & Ye, J. (2024) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-024-02720-6 · Cited by 20
Chen, C., Zhang, H., Lan, Y., Yan, W., Liu, S., Chen, Y., Xie, T., Ning, J., Yan, X., Shang, L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-024-05097-8 · Cited by 20
Chalitsios, C. V., Ley, H., Gao, J., Turner, M. R., & Thompson, A. G. (2024) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-024-12665-x · Cited by 20
Weak‐instrument robust tests in two‐sample summary‐data Mendelian randomization
Wang, S., & Kang, H. (2021) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/biom.13524 · Cited by 22
The analysis of causal relationships between blood lipid levels and BMD
Cherny, S. S., Freidin, M. B., Williams, F. M. K., & Livshits, G. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212464 · Cited by 19
Diemer, E. W., Labrecque, J., Tiemeier, H., & Swanson, S. A. (2020) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001126 · Cited by 19
Fu, C., Liu, D., Liu, Q., Wang, X., Ma, X., Pan, H., Feng, S., Sun, Z., Qiao, W., Yang, M., et al. (2024) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-024-02140-2 · Cited by 22
Causal effects of gut microbiome on HIV infection: a two-sample mendelian randomization analysis
Li, K., Zhang, C., Deng, J., Zeng, H., Zhang, Y., Lai, G., Zhong, X., & Xie, B. (2024) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-024-09176-5 · Cited by 21
Huang, Y., Xu, S., Wan, T., Wang, X., Jiang, S., Shi, W., Ma, S., & Wang, H. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16142248 · Cited by 21
Causal association between gut microbiota composition and the risk of atrial fibrillation
Tan, J., Wang, J., Yang, Y., Zhu, J., Wang, L., Xu, W., Lyu, S., Wu, S., Wang, J., & Zhang, H. (2025) · Journal of Translational Internal Medicine · doi:10.1515/jtim-2025-0031 · Cited by 19
Bayesian variable selection with a pleiotropic loss function in Mendelian randomization
Gkatzionis, A., Burgess, S., Conti, D. V., & Newcombe, P. J. (2021) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.9109 · Cited by 19
He, Q., Bennett, A. N., Fan, B., Han, X., Liu, J., Wu, K. C. H., Huang, R., Chan, J. C. N., & Chan, K. H. K. (2022) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes13060962 · Cited by 21
The association between vitamin D and uterine fibroids: A mendelian randomization study
Guo, W., Dai, M., Zhong, Z., Zhu, S., Gong, G., Chen, M., Guo, J., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.1013192 · Cited by 20
Association between homocysteine and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Mendelian randomisation study
Fu, L., Wang, Y., & Hu, Y. (2022) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.13895 · Cited by 20
Zhao, Z., Zou, J., Huang, X., Fan, Y., & Wang, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.971913 · Cited by 21
Patrick, M. T., Nair, R. P., He, K., Stuart, P. E., Billi, A. C., Zhou, X., Gudjonsson, J. E., Oksenberg, J. R., Elder, J. T., & Tsoi, L. C. (2023) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.26672 · Cited by 20
Investigating the shared genetic architecture between schizophrenia and body mass index
Yu, Y., Fu, Y., Yu, Y., Tang, M., Sun, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, K., Li, H., Guo, H., Wang, B., et al. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02104-0 · Cited by 22
Lei, P., Xu, W., Wang, C., Lin, G., Yu, S., & Guo, Y. (2023) · Infectious Diseases and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40121-023-00831-z · Cited by 19
CARE as a wearable derived feature linking circadian amplitude to human cognitive functions
Cui, S., Lin, Q., Gui, Y., Zhang, Y., Lu, H. J., Zhao, H., Wang, X., Li, X., & Jiang, F. (2023) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00865-0 · Cited by 19
Atopic dermatitis and risk of 14 site‐specific cancers: A Mendelian randomization study
Liu, Q., Chen, L., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Lewis, S. J., & Wang, J. (2023) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.19380 · Cited by 19
Mendelian randomization supports causality between gut microbiota and chronic hepatitis B
Zhang, Q., Zhou, J., Zhang, X., Mao, R., & Zhang, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1243811 · Cited by 18
Chen, C., Lan, Y., Wang, Z., Yan, W., Yan, X., & Han, J. (2023) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-023-02176-3 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Hartwig, F. P., Davey Smith, G., & Bowden, J.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (BR)
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hartwig, Fernando Pires
- Venue
- International Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2017-07-12
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1985-1998
- ISSN
- 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3685
- PMC
- PMC5837715
- OpenAlex
- W2613603864
- Cited by
- 3,485
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 387 · 2025: 798 · 2024: 1094 · 2023: 475 · 2022: 231 · 2021: 226 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 12
- FWCI
- 49.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- International Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- University of Bristol (MC_UU_12013/9)
- Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12013, MR/N501906/1, MC_UU_12013/9)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- Mendelian randomization, summary data, invalid instruments, causal effect estimation, MR-Egger, weighted median, inverse variance weighting, plasma lipids, uric acid, coronary artery disease, sensitivity analysis
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Models, Statistical, Causality, Sample Size, Genome-Wide Association Study, Mendelian Randomization Analysis, Genetic Pleiotropy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
