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State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know?
Open accessAbstract
1 At the core of policy debates on the state-level effects of transitional justice is a series of competing claims about the causal effects of various transitional justice mechanisms. A review of recent scholarship on transitional justice shows that empirical evidence of positive or negative effects is still insufficient to support strong claims. More systematic and comparative analysis of the transitional justice record is needed in order to move from ‘faith-based’ to ‘fact-based’ discussions of transitional justice impacts.
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51 Sources not found · 48 No basis given · 40 Own interpretation · 25 Not checked yet · 19 Own method · 6 Own result
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“A review of recent scholarship on transitional justice shows that empirical evidence of positive or negative effects is still insufficient to support strong claims.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Abstract
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In the paper
“Most truth commission impact studies, for example, define success as the degree to which a commission completed its objectives within a designated period.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > TJ Impact Studies
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In the paper
“Among the minority of studies that do investigate TJ impacts, many are single-case studies of individual countries rather than structured cross-case comparisons, making general policy-relevant conclusions difficult to draw.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > TJ Impact Studies
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In the paper
“Systematic research is nascent.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Introduction
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In the paper
“Of the more than 100 TJ-related studies consulted, we found 15 comparative works with a specific focus on state-level TJ effects of trials and commissions.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Introduction
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In the paper
“For these reasons -and in spite of the voluminous writing on TJ in recent years -there is a limited body of literature devoted to the systematic and rigorous investigation of TJ outcomes.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > TJ Impact Studies
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“Many early findings are questionable or contradictory.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Introduction
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In the paper
“Further, many cross-national comparisons have focused on Latin America.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > TJ Impact Studies
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In the paper
“Surprisingly, explicit studies of TJ impact at the state level are still rare.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > TJ Impact Studies
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In the paper
“Our principal finding is that reliable empirical knowledge on the state-level impacts of TJ is still limited.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Introduction
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 80
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In the paper
“Of these, seven were fully or partly qualitative.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Introduction
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In the paper
“There also appears to be a 'selection bias' in much of the TJ literature.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > TJ Impact Studies
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In the paper
“Although most studies maintain that TJ processes have helped specific countries, others suggest TJ has been ineffectual or even harmful.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Introduction
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In the paper
“Importantly, an emphasis is emerging on more systematic qualitative and quantitative analysis, including new efforts at cross-national data collection.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Introduction
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In the paper
“Like early contributions to other nascent research programmes, the existing empirical TJ literature has helped elucidate the analytical challenges to be tackled.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Introduction
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In the paper
“Finally, the existing literature tends to analyse short-term TJ outcomes, often using overly narrow criteria for success.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > TJ Impact Studies
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The literature on the state-level effects of TJ is still young and relatively small, and we found more relevant studies on some of these outcomes than on others.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Introduction
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most TJ scholarship seems to have assumed rather than 'problematized' the effects of accountability processes.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > TJ Impact Studies
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More precisely, scholars tend to assert the need for TJ and list the purported strengths and weaknesses of different TJ mechanisms while paying less attention to careful impact analysis.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > TJ Impact Studies
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The best studies we have reviewed are cautious about their claims, specifying the conditions under which they are likely to apply.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Conclusion
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In the paper
“Similarly, cross-national studies have turned up contradictions and unclear results.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Conclusion
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In the paper
“Similarly, Barahona de Brito et al. find that TJ policies are more likely to advance democratization when linked to wider institutional reforms, which in turn depend on a range of institutional and political conditions.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Barahona de Brito et al.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Scholars and practitioners have made strong causal claims for both positive and negative state-level TJ effects, but these have not been substantiated by other studies.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Conclusion
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In the paper
“Lie et al., however, find that only trials appear to have a positive effect on peace, but that military victories may provide a stronger alternative explanation for this effect.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lie et al.
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In the paper
“Some cases were included in the data even when they did not seem to fit the study's stated TJ definition, and there were coding errors and inconsistencies.75”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Data and Analytic Limitations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [75]
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In the paper
“For instance, Kim and Sikkink control for other factors and find that countries that hold trials are less repressive afterwards, even in the context of civil war.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kim and Sikkink
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In the paper
“Snyder and Vinjamuri, for instance, consider the role of intervening factors, such as the strength of both democratic forces and spoilers and the level of institutional development.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Snyder and Vinjamuri
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In the paper
“Snyder and Vinjamuri find potentially negative effects of trials and truth commissions, but Sikkink and Walling find no harmful effects in the case of trials.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Snyder and Vinjamuri
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- Not matchedcites Sikkink and Walling
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In the paper
“Yet, while the new cross-national studies are addressing issues of causal analysis and scope conditions, their overall findings are still inconsistent.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Conclusion
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found only 10 cross-national studies focusing specifically on trials and/or truth commissions (and two more that covered broader postconflict policies).”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Cross-National Comparisons
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In the paper
“Olsen et al. also find that TJ has positive effects for democracy and human rights in some of their analyses.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Olsen et al.
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In the paper
“The field of survey-based TJ studies in postconflict settings is still in its infancy, but initial results are intriguing, including those of surveys conducted in northern Uganda, Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Additional information
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“One recent trend in the literature on postconflict peacebuilding focuses on disentangling the contradictions between a peacebuilding enterprise's different goals.86”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [86]
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In the paper
“An increasing number of researchers is working on this issue, there have been several recent large data collection efforts and we are beginning to see the first analyses of these new datasets.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Conclusion
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In the paper
“These studies demonstrate widespread support for TJ, although in at least one important case, respondents favour amnesty over prosecutions.81”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [80]
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In the paper
“Instead, prior levels of conflict and cooperation, along with EU actions, were statistically significant and had stronger effects.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Trials Single-Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48]
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In the paper
“Its major weaknesses are that the evidence is anecdotal and that the author does not sufficiently consider other factors or explanations.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Trials Single-Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [47]
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In the paper
“Both the ICTY and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda have done a poor job of boosting local support for accountability and justice, and Kosovo's mixed trials have garnered little local legitimacy.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Small-to Medium-Sample Comparative Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49]
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plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings may reveal a great deal about the managerial talents of truth commission administrators, but they tell us little about the deeper social, political or institutional changes that such processes seek to achieve.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > TJ Impact Studies
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In the paper
“Although international trials help marginalize perpetrators, they are less successful in local judicial capacity building and in demonstrating the importance of legal accountability to domestic audiences.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Small-to Medium-Sample Comparative Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49]
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In the paper
“It finds mixed, complex and unclear effects.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Small-to Medium-Sample Comparative Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49]
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the complexity of TJ processes, foolproof policy formulas cannot and never will be developed; still, the prevailing ambiguity surrounding TJ impacts can be significantly reduced through further and more careful research.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Introduction
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In the paper
“In an earlier version of the study, the authors also found that the ordered TJ measure has a significant and positive effect on the rule of law after five years, as measured by the rule of law indicator in the World Bank's Governance Indicators dataset.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [65]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their supplementary descriptive statistics, however, show that only trials are associated with higher rule of law scores, and that all other TJ policy choices are negatively associated with the rule of law.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Botha's analysis also controls statistically for level of repression and the presence of free and fair national elections, and all her indicators rely on news-based event counts.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Large-Sample Comparative Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Surprisingly, while truth commissions have a positive effect in combination with trials and amnesties, on their own truth commissions (and not amnesties) have a statistically significant and negative effect on human rights conditions.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The authors argue that properly designed and enforced amnesties have done a better job than trials and truth commissions of ending civil wars and encouraging human rights, democracy and the rule of law, as measured by Freedom House and Polity IV indicators.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“His statistical analysis examines the impact of truth commissions in 78 countries within a global sample of more than 150 countries from 1981 to 2006, and finds that, on average, they had a negative effect on subsequent respect for human rights, but no statistically discernable and significant effect on the level of democracy.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Large-Sample Comparative Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Moreover, while some 44 percent of the South African population is at least somewhat reconciled, the study indicates that this result is much lower for the black community.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Truth Commissions Single-Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Otherwise, he finds little positive or negative impact on democratization.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Large-Sample Comparative Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gibson also finds that acceptance of the TRC's version of events is associated with reconciliation at the individual level.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Truth Commissions Single-Case Studies
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Interestingly, the study finds no clear link between 'justice for past abuses and the quality and accessibility of justice in the future.'”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Racial identity is found to be a significant factor in shaping individual attitudes, and suspicion of the law amongst blacks drives the national average.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Truth Commissions Single-Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similarly, findings of a positive TJ effect appear in an unpublished paper by Charles Kenney and Dean Spears, who use multivariate regression to assess the effect of truth commissions on democratization in 16 postauthoritarian Latin American countries from 1979 to 2003.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Small-to Medium-Sample Comparative Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [57]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Wiebelhaus-Brahm finds, however, that El Salvador is now more respectful of human rights, which is due in large part to police and military reforms.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Large-Sample Comparative Studies
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas most other research measures regime legitimacy through individual attitudes, Botha uses collective protests as a proxy, arguing that more protests should signal lower legitimacy.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Large-Sample Comparative Studies
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar conditions, moreover, apply in South Africa, suggesting that popular attitudes towards human rightsincluding the rights of suspected criminals -are not tightly linked to reductions in politically inspired abuses.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Large-Sample Comparative Studies
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The TRC, Gibson concludes, may have had a positive influence through its exposure of abuses by all sides.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Truth Commissions Single-Case Studies
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, Barahona de Brito et al. find that TJ is more likely to succeed in countries that are already well on their way to democracy.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study is a good example of using mixed methods to investigate TJ impacts, but its findings are preliminary, as Wiebelhaus-Brahm himself warns, because of data limitations and the difficulty of isolating the effects of truth commissions from other factors.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Large-Sample Comparative Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Still, volume contributors do find some grounds for TJ policy relevance, arguing that in Rwanda, Timor Leste and Bosnia popular perceptions of current justice systems were negatively affected by the way past abuses were addressed.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“An unpublished PhD dissertation by Belinda Botha analyses the effects of truth commissions on regime legitimacy in all 56 nascent democracies in Eastern Europe, Africa and Latin America between 1984 and 1995, and its findings are generally positive.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Large-Sample Comparative Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Finally, the finding that reconciliation is lowest among Africans, but that the latter also exhibit the most confidence in the TRC and the highest acceptance of its truth, suggests that the TRC may have in fact impeded, rather than helped, reconciliation.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Truth Commissions Single-Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [54]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Successful reconciliation, the authors find, is a protracted and complex process that includes truth telling, identity redefinition and 'partial justice short of revenge.'”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Small-to Medium-Sample Comparative Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The approach highlights the value of considering TJ in the context of wider peacebuilding policies, but this also means that its analysis of TJ impacts is limited and that its research design is not geared towards uncovering specific, causal TJ impacts.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Sikkink and Walling also discern no evidence that trials extend or exacerbate conflict.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Small-to Medium-Sample Comparative Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Its research design, however, does not advance our understanding of scope conditions.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study's regionally homogenous sample reinforces the notion that Latin America has specific qualities that encourage successful TJ”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Small-to Medium-Sample Comparative Studies
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“'Forward-looking' institutional reforms, by contrast -such as wresting control of the police, military and judiciary from authoritarian forces and establishing their accountability to democratic institutions -are more consistently linked to democratization, although the study finds no indication that reform cannot proceed without purges.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Thus, the TRC may have reflected, rather than caused, social reconciliation.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Truth Commissions Single-Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [53]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Most attitudes co-vary.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In Spain, Hungary and Uruguay, for example, democracy developed well without TJ, while in Portugal, El Salvador and Guatemala TJ made little or no contribution.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as the authors note, it is unclear whether truth commissions are causally related to democracy.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Small-to Medium-Sample Comparative Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thus, in El Salvador, the UN-sponsored truth commission was largely ignored, and individuals named in the report faced few repercussions.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Large-Sample Comparative Studies
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In general, Gibson finds that South Africans are suspicious of the rule of law, but that their sentiments resemble those of many European publics.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Truth Commissions Single-Case Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Support for the rule of law, in turn, is associated with conciliatory racial attitudes and support for a weaker form of majoritarianism.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Truth Commissions Single-Case Studies
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It finds no clear link between 'backward-looking' truth and justice efforts and the functioning of democracy.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“William Long and Peter Brecke's study of 11 civil wars in 10 countries that experienced 'reconciliation events' finds that extensive truth telling is the critical starting point for successful peace settlements, as the three settlements without truth telling did not last.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Small-to Medium-Sample Comparative Studies
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Wiebelhaus-Brahm's findings are not definitive, however, as his analysis does not consider variation in the implementation of truth commissions and his research design does not probe scope conditions.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Large-Sample Comparative Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They find positive effects of TJ in their analyses of the ordered TJ scale and combinations of mechanisms involving trials and amnesties, but only for some of their democracy and human rights measures.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This suggests that there may be little popular support for human rights, broadly conceived, and that a truth commission's discernable effects are limited to politically motivated abuses.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Large-Sample Comparative Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In still other instances, including Argentina, South Africa and the Czech Republic, TJ seems to have contributed to democracy, though the causal links are complex.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A general culture of human rights, in other words, is hard to inculcate, and postconflict truth commissions may not be either sufficient or necessary to create such a culture.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Large-Sample Comparative Studies
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“She finds that a truth commission's presence is associated with lower levels of protests and that this link endures over time.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Large-Sample Comparative Studies
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Trials have contributed to ending abuses only when peace spoilers are weak and the country's justice infrastructure is well established, while truth commissions have been irrelevant or harmful unless employed in countries well on the road to democracy.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The country has also experienced a massive postconflict crime wave, which has produced broad public support for draconian 'law and order' measures.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Large-Sample Comparative Studies
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Controlling for national wealth, world region, timing and prior level of democracy, the authors find some statistically significant and positive effects 10 years after the transitions began but are unable to draw strong conclusions.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Still, Gibson readily acknowledges that his cross-sectional data cannot conclusively support causal claims because it does not trace changes over time.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Truth Commissions Single-Case Studies
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the study does not observe real differences in individuals' exposure to the TRC that convincingly explain their acceptance of its truth.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Truth Commissions Single-Case Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Finally, the authors find little evidence that trials lead to more human rights violations; instead, trials are associated with equal or better human rights conditions.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Small-to Medium-Sample Comparative Studies
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Snyder and Vinjamuri suggest that TJ has only worked under specific scope conditions.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Instead, it argues that deficiencies in postconflict justice systems are caused by factors unrelated to TJ, including institutional choices, political decisions and style of war termination.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Trials have contributed to ending abuses only when peace spoilers are weak and the country's justice infrastructure is well established, while truth commissions have been irrelevant or harmful unless employed in countries well on the road to democracy.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, there are few broadly accepted international indicators for state legitimacy or state capacity over time.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Data and Analytic Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, when any dataset is closely scrutinized by critics, shortcomings soon appear.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Data and Analytic Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“They find that hard-nosed political and military factors matter most to peace duration, as one-sided victories are the strongest predictor of peace duration.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [67]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, even the most careful dataset will be open to criticism.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Data and Analytic Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cross-national studies do not automatically advance scope conditions but rather need to be specifically designed to do so through sampling or investigation of interaction effects.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Cross-National Comparisons
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, their work provides important scope conditions for the more general claims about TJ's state-level impacts.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their methods and controls are not methodologically sophisticated, suggesting that their work is exploratory rather than confirmatory.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Complex social phenomena are hard to capture with quantitative indicators, and concepts such as state respect for human rights, social reconciliation, public culture or state legitimacy are notoriously difficult, and perhaps even impossible, to quantify.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Data and Analytic Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When Lie et al. restrict their analysis to a subset of 87 democracies, they find that reparations and truth commissions are positively associated with peace duration, and that these results are not sensitive to conflict termination patterns.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TJ does not have a clear impact across postconflict countries, but seems more successful in reasonably democratic countries.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This finding in particular is fascinating, as it suggests that both TJ advocates and sceptics may be right, but that their arguments apply to different political conditions.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One systematic study of state violence in Guatemala, for instance, found that press accounts of repression varied dramatically by source, and that newspaper coverage was inversely related to repression.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Data and Analytic Limitations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [73]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The authors also do not examine the effects of amnesties as critically as those of other TJ processes.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Another study found that the volume of human rights press reporting was influenced by a host of factors other than actual abuse, and that rich countries received more attention than poor ones.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Data and Analytic Limitations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [74]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Well-designed comparisons, by contrast, would also look at cases with similar starting conditions that did not experience TJ, since controlled comparisons of this sort can help determine whether an observed impact is due to TJ or, perhaps, to other factors.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Data and Analytic Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Still, some of their own case studies are cursory and do not convincingly trace impacts from individual TJ mechanisms.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We thus do not know whether the exclusion of other cases has biased the results.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, it finds that TJ overall does not have positive effects on peace duration, but that one-sided military victories do.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, they are coded from Amnesty International and US Department of State reports, both of which have their own biases.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Data and Analytic Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Interestingly, neither volume finds robust, cross-case TJ effects, underlining our concerns with the generalizability of TJ efforts.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Data and Analytic Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“So-called middle-range theories, which focus on nuanced scope conditions and causal pathways, tend to be more useful to policy makers because they provide contingent and specific generalizations.88”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [88]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The broader point, however, is that, until recently, most TJ case studies were not embedded in well-designed comparative studies, which limited their policy utility.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Data and Analytic Limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the TJ mechanisms they test is statistically significant, although most are positively associated with peace.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Truth commissions, moreover, often provide political cover for amnesties, masking the real facilitators of peace.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Research on Multiple TJ Mechanisms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If TJ is anything like the other major components of peacebuilding -and there is no reason to believe that it is not -we should expect TJ efforts to interact in complex and often unpredictable ways with other statebuilding efforts.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: TJ is like other major components of peacebuilding.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although no study can possibly control for every potential variable, carefully selected comparisons will reduce the risk of specious conclusions.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Data and Analytic Limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Surveys measure perceptions of institutional performance rather than performance itself.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [82]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The cross-sectional survey of 3,727 individuals was nationally representative and oversampled minorities for statistically meaningful results.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gibson
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 3,727- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, it is precisely this kind of data that facilitates causal arguments.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there are grounds to suspect that TJ is best suited to states with relatively strong institutions and a certain minimum level of democracy, these hypotheses, along with many others, must be systematically tested and retested.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some groups have more leverage than others, and well-organized, funded or armed groups can derail peace deals and TJ efforts despite favourable public opinion.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Population-Based Surveys
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If warlords, political leaders or other key figures are virulently opposed to TJ, it may not matter if the broader public is in favour of it.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Population-Based Surveys
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Perceptions are not always accurate or relevant.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Now that the justice cascade has provided more time and more cases for study, a critical research mass is beginning to emerge.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the methodological issues we raise here are beginning to be addressed in new research, which seems to indicate that the social science of TJ is maturing.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Conclusion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Attitudes may change quickly, and support for or discomfort with TJ at specific points in time may not provide conclusive evidence of success or failure.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Population-Based Surveys
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Some respondents, moreover, are likely to give answers that they think interviewers or powerful local figures want to hear, rather than their own opinions.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [82]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, different regions, social sectors and groups are likely to have different views on TJ, and aggregate national surveys will miss this information if they are not designed to capture differences through stratification and oversampling.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Population-Based Surveys
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Surveys, moreover, provide snapshots in time, making it difficult to draw broad conclusions about dynamic events.85”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Population-Based Surveys
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [85]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Latin American countries have higher average levels of democracy and wealth than sub-Saharan African countries, where transitional justice has also been pursued.
“For example, Latin American countries have higher average levels of democracy and wealth than sub-Saharan African countries, where TJ has also been pursued.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most transitional justice in Latin America took place in countries undergoing transitions from authoritarianism to democracy.
“Moreover, most TJ in Latin America took place in countries undergoing transitions from authoritarianism to democracy.”
The paper relies on this without support.
TJ implementation varies substantially across cases.
“But since TJ implementation may vary substantially, the lumping together of all TJ efforts masks the effects of implementation style.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most attitudes co-vary.
“Since most attitudes co-vary, they may all be caused by an underlying and omitted factor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The studies reviewed are representative of the field of TJ impact research.
“One of our general conclusions is that most studies find that TJ has either positive or no effects at all.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Moral and legal rationales exist for pursuing TJ policies, independent of their empirical effects.
“On the contrary, setting aside considerations of their empirical effects, moral and legal rationales exist for pursuing TJ policies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In many poor or postconflict areas, locals are ill-equipped to reject or modify external policy interventions.
“In many poor or postconflict areas, locals are ill-equipped to reject or modify external policy interventions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Vulnerable groups such as rural women, lower castes or oppressed minorities are likely to suffer most if TJ prompts renewed instability.
“The views of vulnerable groups, such as rural women, lower castes or oppressed minorities, should receive special consideration, as these groups are likely to suffer most if TJ prompts renewed instability.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The populations, not the donors, will suffer if things go awry.
“After all, it is the populations, not the donors, who will suffer if things go awry.77”
The paper relies on this without support.
TJ is like other major components of peacebuilding.
“If TJ is anything like the other major components of peacebuilding -and there is no reason to believe that it is not -we should expect TJ efforts to interact in complex and often unpredictable ways with other statebuilding efforts.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These trials reduce the likelihood of conflict through “the outright removal of perpetrators and implicated leaders … [as well as] through changes in the cost-benefit calculations of potential perpetrators” (Thoms et al. 2010, 333).”
From Conflict Recurrence and Postconflict Justice: Addressing Motivations and Opportunities for Sustainable Peace (2017) · cites this paper as Thoms et al. 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Conclusion
“Wiebelhaus-Brahm's statistical analysis indicates that, once other factors are controlled for, truth commissions have no effect on democracy or human rights protection.”
§ State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know? > Large-Sample Comparative Studies
“His statistical analysis examines the impact of truth commissions in 78 countries within a global sample of more than 150 countries from 1981 to 2006, and finds that, on average, they had a negative effect on subsequent respect for human rights, but no statistically discernable and significant effect on the level of democracy.”
Citations
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [2]2. Helga Malmin Binningsbø, Jon Elster and Scott Gates, 'Civil War and Transitional Justice, 1946-2003: A Dataset' (paper presented at 'Transitional Justice and Civil War Settlements' workshop, Bogota, Colombia, 18-19 October 2005);
- [6]6. Hunjoon Kim and Kathryn Sikkink, 'Explaining the Deterrence Effect of Human Rights Prosecutions for Transitional Countries,' International Studies Quarterly (forthcoming). 10 Roht-Arriaza, supra n 7 at 2.
- [11]11. See, Ellen Lutz and Kathryn Sikkink, 'The Justice Cascade: The Evolution and Impact of Foreign Human Rights Trials in Latin America,' Chicago Journal of International Law 2(1) (2001): 1-34;
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Metadata
- Authors
- Thoms, O. N. T., Ron, J., & Paris, R.
- Affiliations
- Carleton University (CA)
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- ORCID
- Ron, J.
- Venue
- International Journal of Transitional Justice
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-08-31
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 329-354
- ISSN
- 1752-7716 (ISSN-L)
- 1752-7724
- OpenAlex
- W2065386403
- Cited by
- 236
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 60.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- philpapers.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Transitional Justice (publishedVersion)
- PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › War, Law, and Justice
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Conflict and Governance
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Conflict, Peace, and Violence in Colombia
- Keywords
- transitional justice, causal effects, transitional justice mechanisms, empirical evidence, comparative analysis, post-conflict societies
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