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Two Mitofusin Proteins, Mammalian Homologues of FZO, with Distinct Functions Are Both Required for Mitochondrial Fusion
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that undergo frequent fission and fusion or branching. Although these morphologic changes are considered crucial for cellular functions, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive, especially in mammalian cells. We characterized two rat mitochondrial outer membrane proteins, Mfn1 and Mfn2, with distinct tissue expressions, that are homologous to Drosophila Fzo, a GTPase involved in mitochondrial fusion. Expression of the GTPase-domain mutant of Mfn2 (Mfn2(K109T)) in HeLa cells induced mitochondrial fragmentation in which Mfn2(K109T) localized at the restricted domains. Immuno-electronmicroscopy revealed that Mfn2(K109T) was concentrated at the contact domains between adjacent mitochondria, suggesting that fusion of the outer membrane was arrested at some intermediate step. Mfn1 expression induced highly connected tubular network structures depending on the functional GTPase domain. The Mfn1-induced tubular networks were suppressed by co-expression with Mfn2. In vivo depletion of either isoform by RNA interference revealed that both are required to maintain normal mitochondrial morphology. The fusion of differentially-labeled mitochondria in HeLa cells subjected to depletion of either Mfn isoform and subsequent cell fusion by hemagglutinating virus of Japan revealed that both proteins have distinct functions in mitochondrial fusion. We conclude that the two Mfn isoforms cooperate in mitochondrial fusion in mammalian cells.
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“Despite some redundancies in their function, the two proteins possess several distinct properties, suggesting that they fulfill different roles in fusion (de Brito and Scorrano, 2008; Eura et al., 2003; Ishihara et al., 2004).”
From New insights into the role of mitochondria in aging: mitochondrial dynamics and more (2010) · cites this paper as Eura et al., 2003
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Mitochondrial dynamics: overview of molecular mechanisms
Tilokani, L., Nagashima, S., Paupe, V., & Prudent, J. (2018) · Essays in Biochemistry · doi:10.1042/ebc20170104 · Cited by 1,397
Mitochondrial dynamics and apoptosis
Suen, D.-F., Norris, K. L., & Youle, R. J. (2008) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1658508 · Cited by 1,270
Mitotic phosphorylation of dynamin-related GTPase Drp1 participates in mitochondrial fission.
Taguchi, N., Ishihara, N., Jofuku, A., Oka, T., & Mihara, K. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m607279200 · Cited by 1,226
Otera, H., Wang, C., Cleland, M. M., Setoguchi, K., Yokota, S., Youle, R. J., & Mihara, K. (2010) · Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.201007152 · Cited by 1,110
“EM For EM, cells were fixed in 4% PFA and 1% glutaraldehyde at 25°C for 30 min and analyzed as described previously (Eura et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMethodIshihara, N., Nomura, M., Jofuku, A., Kato, H., Suzuki, S. O., Masuda, K., Otera, H., Nakanishi, Y., Nonaka, I., Goto, Y.-I., et al. (2009) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1907 · Cited by 1,066
“For electron microscopy, cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and 1% glutaraldehyde at 25°C for 30 min, and analysed as described previousl”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Eura, Y.
- Affiliations
- Kyushu University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Eura, Y.
- ORCID
- Eura, Y.
- Venue
- Journal of Biochemistry
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-09-01
- Volume
- 134
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 333-344
- ISSN
- 0021-924X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2001819241
- Cited by
- 445
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 3.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Biochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Keywords
- mitofusin 1, mitofusin 2, mitochondrial fusion, mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial outer membrane, GTPase domain, mitochondrial fragmentation, mitochondrial contact sites, HeLa cells, RNAi knockdown, Sendai virus
- MeSH terms
- Animals, HeLa Cells, Humans, Membrane Fusion, Membrane Proteins, Mitochondria, Morphogenesis, Mutation, Tissue Distribution, Transfection, Protein Isoforms, GTP Phosphohydrolases, Mitochondrial Proteins, Sendai virus, Drosophila Proteins, RNA, Small Interfering, Rats
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