Proteomics and lipidomics of Black Soldier Fly (diptera: stratiomyidae) and blow fly (diptera: calliphoridae) larvae.
Open accessAbstract
Farming insects has recently emerged as a new source of protein and lipid production. To date, research has mostly focused on food applications of insects. Focusing on nonfood potential of oil and proteins of insects, high-throughput studies of insect lipids and proteins are needed. We performed proteomics and lipidomics investigation on black soldier fly (Hermitia illucens) and blow fly (Lucilia sericata) larvae to investigate new potential and applications. We used mass spectrometry for proteomics and lipidomics analysis of control and treated larvae. Treatment was performed by incubation with a biological decomposer. We provide the list of all fatty acids with their concentration in control and treated larvae. This result showed high levels of lauric acid in black soldier fly, which could even increase after biological decomposition. Proteomics analysis showed the presence of proteins like collagen of cosmetic interest, and proteins with antimicrobial properties such as phenoloxidases and enzymatic activities, such as amylase and trypsin. Insects harbor high potential for nonfood usage as additives, antimicrobial effects, and even pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. These data open avenues for future research in pharmacological and cosmetic approaches to find new molecules of interests.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Lauric acid concentration and synthesis in Hermetia illucens may undergo small variations according to substrate, development stage, extraction methods, killing method, and storage.
“LA concentration and synthesis may, however, undergo small variations according to the substrate used, to the shift from lipogenesis to glycogenesis related to the development stage, to the extraction methods, and the killing method and storage (Alifian et al., 2019; Caligiani et al., 2019; Rabani et al., 2019; Ewald et al., 2020; Kierończyk et al., 2020).”
From Insect Derived Lauric Acid as Promising Alternative Strategy to Antibiotics in the Antimicrobial Resistance Scenario (2021) · cites this paper as Rabani et al., 2019
The Results > Lipidomics table reports that lauric acid rose from 36.40% to 40.79% of measured fatty acids in Hermetia larvae after biological decomposition, supporting a variation in its measured proportion. The paper does not link that variation to substrate, developmental stage, extraction method, killing method, or storage, and it does not assess lauric acid synthesis. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHIL oil can replace palm kernel or coconut oil as additives and even pharmaceuticals.
“The MCFAs composition of HIL oil is very similar and can replace palm kernel or coconut oil, as additives and even pharmaceuticals (Matthäus et al., 2019; Rabani et al., 2019).”
From Insect Derived Lauric Acid as Promising Alternative Strategy to Antibiotics in the Antimicrobial Resistance Scenario (2021) · cites this paper as Rabani et al., 2019
The Discussion says Hermetia oil has a fatty-acid profile similar to coconut and palm-kernel oils and could be used in the same manner for cosmetics. It also proposes the oil as an animal-feed additive. The Abstract describes pharmaceutical applications as a potential avenue for future research, not an established use in which the oil can replace those oils. No page numbers are provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) composition of Hermetia illucens larvae (HIL) oil is very similar to that of palm kernel or coconut oil.
“The MCFAs composition of HIL oil is very similar and can replace palm kernel or coconut oil, as additives and even pharmaceuticals (Matthäus et al., 2019; Rabani et al., 2019).”
From Insect Derived Lauric Acid as Promising Alternative Strategy to Antibiotics in the Antimicrobial Resistance Scenario (2021) · cites this paper as Rabani et al., 2019
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Müller, A., Wolf, D., & Gutzeit, H. O. (2017) · Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C · doi:10.1515/znc-2017-0030 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 33
- Altmann B. A., Neumann C., Velten S., Liebert F., and Mörlein D.. 2018 Meat quality derived from high inclusion of a micro-alga or insect meal as an alternative protein source in poultry diets: a pilot study. Foods Basel Switz. 7(3): 34. PMC5867549 29518048
- Andersen A. S., Sandvang D., Schnorr K. M., Kruse T., Neve S., Joergensen B., Karlsmark T., and Krogfelt K. A. 2010 A novel approach to the antimicrobial activity of maggot debridement therapy. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 65: 1646– 1654. 20542901 PMC2904663
- Belluco S., Losasso C., Maggioletti M., Alonzi C. C., Paoletti M. G., and Ricci A.. 2013 Edible insects in a food safety and nutritional perspective: a critical review. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 12: 296– 313.
- Binggeli O., Neyen C., Poidevin M., and Lemaitre B. 2014 Prophenoloxidase activation is required for survival to microbial infections in Drosophila. PLoS Pathog. 10: e1004067. 24788090 PMC4006879
- Blondelle J., Pais de Barros J. P., Pilot-Storck F., and Tiret L. 2017 Targeted lipidomic analysis of myoblasts by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS. Methods Mol. Biol. 1668: 39– 60. 28842901
- Chernysh S., Gordya N., and Suborova T. 2015 Insect antimicrobial peptide complexes prevent resistance development in bacteria. PLoS One 10: e0130788. 26177023 PMC4503414
- Choi B. D., Wong N. A. K., and Auh J. H. 2017 Defatting and sonication enhances protein extraction from edible insects. Korean J. Food Sci. Anim. Resour. 37: 955– 961. 29725219 PMC5932934
- Choudhary V., Choudhary M., Pandey S., Chauhan V. D., and Hasnani J. J. 2016 Maggot debridement therapy as primary tool to treat chronic wound of animals. Vet. World. 9: 403– 409. 27182137 PMC4864483
- Elhag O., Zhou D., Song Q., Soomro A. A., Cai M., Zheng L., Yu Z., and Zhang J. 2017 Screening, expression, purification and functional characterization of novel antimicrobial peptide genes from Hermetia illucens (L.). PLoS One 12: e0169582. 28056070 PMC5215879
- Gołębiowski M., Boguś M. I., Paszkiewicz M., Wieloch W., Włóka E., and Stepnowski P.. 2012 The composition of the cuticular and internal free fatty acids and alcohols from Lucilia sericata males and females. Lipids. 47: 613– 622. 22415221 PMC3357471
- Hassan Y. I., Lahaye L., Gong M. M., Peng J., Gong J., Liu S., Gay C. G., and Yang C. 2018 Innovative drugs, chemicals, and enzymes within the animal production chain. Vet. Res. 49: 71. 30060767 PMC6066918
- van Huis A 2013 Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 58: 563– 583. 23020616
- Janssen R. H., Vincken J. P., van den Broek L. A., Fogliano V., and Lakemond C. M. 2017 Nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for three edible insects: Tenebrio molitor, Alphitobius diaperinus, and Hermetia illucens. J. Agric. Food Chem. 65: 2275– 2278. 28252948 PMC5364430
- Jin L. H., Shim J., Yoon J. S., Kim B., Kim J., Kim-Ha J., and Kim Y.-J.. 2008 Identification and functional analysis of antifungal immune response genes in Drosophila. PLoS Pathog. 4(10). PMC2542415 18833296
- Latunde-Dada G. O., Yang W., and Vera Aviles M. 2016 In vitro iron availability from insects and sirloin beef. J. Agric. Food Chem. 64: 8420– 8424. 27731991
- Laxminarayan R., Duse A., Wattal C., Zaidi A. K., Wertheim H. F., Sumpradit N., Vlieghe E., Hara G. L., Gould I. M., Goossens H., et al 2013 Antibiotic resistance-the need for global solutions. Lancet. Infect. Dis. 13: 1057– 1098. 24252483
- Levy F., Rabel D., Charlet M., Bulet P., Hoffmann J. A., and Ehret-Sabatier L. 2004 Peptidomic and proteomic analyses of the systemic immune response of Drosophila. Biochimie. 86: 607– 616. 15556270
- McKenna M. P., Hekmat-Scafe D. S., Gaines P., and Carlson J. R. 1994 Putative Drosophila pheromone-binding proteins expressed in a subregion of the olfactory system. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 16340– 16347. 8206941
- Nakatsuji T., Kao M. C., Fang J. Y., Zouboulis C. C., Zhang L., Gallo R. L., and Huang C. M. 2009 Antimicrobial property of lauric acid against Propionibacterium acnes: its therapeutic potential for inflammatory acne vulgaris. J. Invest. Dermatol. 129: 2480– 2488. 19387482 PMC2772209
- Omonijo F. A., Kim S., Guo T., Wang Q., Gong J., Lahaye L., Bodin J. C., Nyachoti M., Liu S., and Yang C. 2018 Development of novel microparticles for effective delivery of thymol and lauric acid to pig intestinal tract. J. Agric. Food Chem. 66: 9608– 9615. 30141924
- Oonincx D. G., van Broekhoven S., van Huis A., and van Loon J. J. 2015 Feed conversion, survival and development, and composition of four insect species on diets composed of food by-products. PLoS One 10: e0144601. 26699129 PMC4689427
- Rai M., Pandit R., Gaikwad S., and Kövics G. 2016 Antimicrobial peptides as natural bio-preservative to enhance the shelf-life of food. J. Food Sci. Technol. 53: 3381– 3394. 27777445 PMC5069246
- Skrivanová E., Marounek M., Dlouhá G., and Kanka J. 2005 Susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens to C-C fatty acids. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 41: 77– 81. 15960756
- Ushakova N. A., Brodskii E. S., Kovalenko A. A., Bastrakov A. I., Kozlova A. A., and Pavlov D. S. 2016 Characteristics of lipid fractions of larvae of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens. Dokl. Biochem. Biophys. 468: 209– 212. 27417723
- Verheyen G. R., Ooms T., Vogels L., Vreysen S., Bovy A., Van Miert S., and Meersman F. 2018 Insects as an alternative source for the production of fats for cosmetics. J. Cosmet. Sci. 69: 187– 202. 30052193
- The Amylase Research Society of Japan. 1988 VI - Application of Amylases and Related Enzymes to Industry, pp. 195– 243. In The Amylase Research Society of Japan (ed.), Handbook of amylases and related enzymes. Pergamon, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Vogel H., Müller A., Heckel D. G., Gutzeit H., and Vilcinskas A. 2018 Nutritional immunology: diversification and diet-dependent expression of antimicrobial peptides in the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 78: 141– 148. 28966127
- Wang Y.-S., and Shelomi M.. 2017 Review of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as animal feed and human food. Foods. 6. PMC5664030 29057841
- Wille J. J., and Kydonieus A.. 2003 Palmitoleic acid isomer (C16:1delta6) in human skin sebum is effective against gram-positive bacteria. Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol. 16: 176– 187. 12677098
- Yang D., Pornpattananangkul D., Nakatsuji T., Chan M., Carson D., Huang C. M., and Zhang L. 2009 The antimicrobial activity of liposomal lauric acids against Propionibacterium acnes. Biomaterials. 30: 6035– 6040. 19665786 PMC2735618
- Yi L., Lakemond C. M., Sagis L. M., Eisner-Schadler V., van Huis A., and van Boekel M. A. 2013 Extraction and characterisation of protein fractions from five insect species. Food Chem. 141: 3341– 3348. 23993491
- Zentek J., Ferrara F., Pieper R., Tedin L., Meyer W., and Vahjen W. 2013 Effects of dietary combinations of organic acids and medium chain fatty acids on the gastrointestinal microbial ecology and bacterial metabolites in the digestive tract of weaning piglets. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 3200– 3210. 23798515
- Zhao X., Vázquez-Gutiérrez J. L., Johansson D. P., Landberg R., and Langton M. 2016 Yellow mealworm protein for food purposes - extraction and functional properties. PLoS One 11: e0147791. 26840533 PMC4739691
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Surendra, K. C., Tomberlin, J. K., van Huis, A., Cammack, J. A., Heckmann, L.-H. L., & Khanal, S. K. (2020) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.050 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Borrelli, L., Varriale, L., Dipineto, L., Pace, A., Menna, L. F., & Fioretti, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.620798 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Bioactive Compounds from Hermetia Illucens Larvae as Natural Ingredients for Cosmetic Application
Almeida, C., Rijo, P., & Rosado, C. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10070976 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rabani, V., Cheatsazan, H., & Davani, S.
- Affiliations
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté (FR)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Davani, Siamak
- ORCID
- Davani, Siamak
- Venue
- Journal of Insect Science
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-05-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 1536-2442 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6592434
- OpenAlex
- W2953623358
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10
- FWCI
- 6.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Insect Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Région Franche-Comté
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Insect Utilization and Effects
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Forensic Entomology and Diptera Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Keywords
- Hermetia illucens, Calliphoridae, Lucilia sericata, insect larvae, insect protein, insect lipids, fatty acid composition, lauric acid, biological decomposition, phenoloxidase, antimicrobial proteins, collagen, amylase, trypsin
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anti-Infective Agents, Diptera, Larva, Lipids, Insect Proteins, Proteome, Proteomics, Lipid Metabolism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
