The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Influence of Temperature and Humidity on Survival and Development of the Cat Flea, Ctenocephalides Felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)
Abstract
The survival and development of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, were assessed at various temperatures and relative humidities (RH). The upper and lower temperature limits for development (egg to adult) were 32 and 13°C. The length of the developmental period ranged from 14 to 140 days at these temperature extremes. Complete development occurred from 50–92% rh. Immature C. felis reared at 92% rh produced larger adults than those reared at 50% rh. At 27°C, the minimum rh necessary for greater than 50% survival of the immature stages was egg, 33%; larva, 50%; and pupa, 2%. Adult longevity increased with increasing rh and decreasing temperature.
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“Temperatures >35°C and <3°C, in combination with a relative humidity <33%, may impair flea development [59-61].”
From Fleas infesting pets in the era of emerging extra-intestinal nematodes (2013) · cites this paper as [60]
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Items 101–114 of 114
A human case of cat flea larva found in external auditory meatus
Eitaro, H. O. R. I., TAJIMA, M., & Kikuchi, M. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · doi:10.7601/mez.47.371
Mathematical modeling of the effect of seasonal weather variations on the dynamics of plague disease
Ngeleja, R. C. (2019) · doi:10.58694/20.500.12479/310
“Flea larvae feed on almost any organic debris but mostly they feed on adult excreta which consist of relatively undigested blood (Silverman et al., 1981).”
BackgroundBowman, D. D. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-54396-5.00011-8
Englar, D. R. E. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119414612.ch6
(2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813890-8.00003-1
Zellner, P. N., & Brown, L. D. (2024) · Medical and Veterinary Entomology · doi:10.1111/mve.12735
“80 (cid:4) C for at least 1 h before being added as food (Silverman et al., 1981; Silverman & Rust, 1983).”
DeBess, E. E., Coyle, K., Fawcett, R., et al. (2025) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7426a2
Self, S., Yang, Y., Walden, H., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26670990
Fell, H. G., Bailey, J. J., Rasoamalala, F., et al. (2026) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2025.2496
Young, L., Wang, X., Wiseman, S., et al. (2026) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-026-07405-1
“These free-living larvae feed on various organic materials and adult flea feces, completing two molts over approximately 5–11 days before developing into the pupal stage [7, 10].”
Seasonal dynamics and habitat preferences of ectoparasitic fleas on mammals in South India
Veeramanoharan, R., Govindarajan, R., Jaganathasamy, N., Krishnamoorthi, R., Kumar, A., & Paulraj, P. S. (2026) · International Journal of Tropical Insect Science · doi:10.1007/s42690-026-01942-z
“Seasonal fluctuations in temperature and humidity strongly influence flea development, survival, reproduction, and off-host persistence (Laudisoit et al. 2009; Silverman et al. 1981 ).”
Adelaja, O. J., Yusuf, R. I., Olaleye, A. D., et al. (2026) · Acta Parasitologica · doi:10.1007/s11686-026-01369-z
Metadata
- Authors
- Silverman, J., Rust, M. K., & Reierson, D. A.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- ORCID
- Silverman, Jules
- Venue
- Journal of Medical Entomology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1981-02-20
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 78-83
- ISSN
- 0022-2585 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-2928
- OpenAlex
- W2328133011
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Medical Entomology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Physiological and biochemical adaptations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Yersinia bacterium, plague, ectoparasites research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Dermatological diseases and infestations
- Keywords
- Ctenocephalides felis, temperature effects, relative humidity, insect development, survival, developmental stages, temperature limits, adult longevity, immature stages
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cats, Siphonaptera, Humidity, Metamorphosis, Biological, Temperature
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