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Cited by 54Helminth infection and controlYersinia bacterium, plague, ectoparasites researchVector-borne infectious diseases

Fleas infesting pets in the era of emerging extra-intestinal nematodes

Open access
Traversa, Donato·2013·Parasites & Vectors
DOI 10.1186/1756-3305-6-59PMC PMC3631128
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Abstract

Modifications in climatic conditions, movements of hosts and goods, changes in animal phenology and human behaviour and increase of wildlife, are presently concurring in the geographic spread of vectors and cardio-respiratory nematodes, e.g. Dirofilaria immitis, Angiostrongylus vasorum, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Capillaria aerophila. All these factors may also influence dispersion and clinical significance of fleas, thus posing relevant challenges in those regions where other parasites are emerging at the same time. Ctenocephalides felis, Ctenocephalides canis and Pulex irritans cause discomfort, nuisance, allergic reactions, anaemia, and may transmit several pathogens, some of them are of importance for public health. The present article reviews the importance of fleas in small animal practice and their sanitary relevance for dogs, cats and humans, and discusses current control methods in the present era of emerging extra-intestinal nematodes, towards a possible changing perspective for controlling key parasites affecting companion animals.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This narrative review argues that fleas remain major pathogens and vectors for pets and humans, and that flea control should be integrated with prevention of emerging cardio-respiratory nematodes. It reviews flea biology, zoonotic risks, climate/wildlife drivers, and efficacy of insecticides and endectocides used in companion animals.

Key findings

  • *Ctenocephalides felis* is the most widespread flea of dogs and cats worldwide, while *Ctenocephalides canis* and *Pulex irritans* are globally distributed at lower rates; fleas cause flea allergy dermatitis, anaemia, and can transmit *Yersinia pestis*, *Rickettsia typhi*, *Rickettsia felis*, *Bartonella* spp., *Dipylidium caninum*, and *Acanthocheilonema reconditum*.
  • Climate and wildlife changes may alter flea distribution: warmer temperatures could expand fleas into the Northern hemisphere, but the paper states evidence needs definitive corroboration; a German study found no statistical seasonal differences in flea infestation, though prevalence was higher in summer and above-average warm weather in 2003 was linked to doubled documented flea infections.
  • Control requires both adulticidal and environmental immature-stage measures. Reported efficacies include selamectin eliminating up to 98.3% and 90.1% of newly acquired adult fleas within 24 hours on days 21 and 28, respectively, and 99.0% within 48 hours at 28 days; imidacloprid reducing flea numbers by >95–97% for 28–37 days and off-host stages by >98.6%; spinosad reaching 100% efficacy at 4–48 hours and reducing egg production by >99.8% for about 1 month; and lufenuron plus an adulticide reducing flea populations by at least 97.3% within one week for 90 days.
  • Some flea-control products also target cardio-pulmonary nematodes: imidacloprid 10%/moxidectin 2.5% spot-on was 100% effective against *Angiostrongylus vasorum* L4 and pre-adults, milbemycin oxime showed 85% efficacy against *A. vasorum*, and macrocyclic lactones prevent *Dirofilaria immitis*; the author suggests all-year broad-spectrum combinations where intestinal worms are endemic and heartworms/lungworms are emerging.

Methods

  • Narrative review; no systematic review, meta-analysis, or new primary data collection is described.
  • The author synthesized published literature on flea species, flea-borne pathogens, epidemiological drivers, and parasiticide efficacy, citing 191 references including field surveys, experimental infections, and product trials.
  • Main analysis is qualitative synthesis and discussion of control implications; no formal statistical analysis is reported.

Limitations

  • Stated in the paper: evidence that global warming drives flea distribution needs definitive corroboration; no computer modelling is available for *Aelurostrongylus abstrusus*; data on natural cycles of flea-borne pathogens in European wildlife are scanty; and further studies are warranted for ivermectin/selamectin against *A. vasorum*, *A. abstrusus*, and *Capillaria aerophila*, and for milbemycin oxime against *C. aerophila* and *A. abstrusus*.
  • Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it lacks a systematic search strategy or quantitative synthesis, and the cited efficacy figures come from studies with varying designs and may not be directly comparable.
  • Evident from the text: the article is single-authored and presents a perspective on integrated control rather than an exhaustive systematic assessment.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/1756-3305-6-59

Cites

188 of 188 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 251 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    Canine and feline pulicosis is characterized by high infection rates everywhere.

    “Canine and feline pulicosis is characterized by high infection rates everywhere [7,9,11-14], thus treatment and prevention are a priority in veterinary medicine.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [7] Rust MK: Advances in the control of Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea) on cats and dogs. Trends Parasitol. 2005, 21: 232-236. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [9] Dobler G, Pfeffer M: Fleas as parasites of the family Canidae. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 139- source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [11] Beck W, Boch K, Mackensen H, Wiegand B, Pfister K: Qualitative and quantitative observations on the flea population dynamics of dogs and cats in several areas of Germany. Vet Parasitol. 2006, 137: 130-136. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12] Bond R, Riddle A, Mottram L, Beugnet F, Stevenson R: Survey of flea infestation in dogs and cats in the United Kingdom during 2005. Vet Rec. 2007, 160: 503-506. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [13] Capelli G, Montarsi F, Porcellato E, Maioli G, Furnari C, Rinaldi L, Oliva G, Otranto D: Occurance of Rickettsia felis in dog and cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) from Italy. Parasit Vectors. 2009, 2 (suppl 1): S8- source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [14] Farkas R, Gyurkovszky M, Solymosi N, Beugnet F: Prevalence of fleas infestation in dogs and cats in Hungary combined with a survey of owner awareness. Med Vet Entomol. 2009, 23: 187-194. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Repeated exposure to flea bites induces flea allergy dermatitis (FAD) in susceptible dogs and cats.

    “Repeated exposure to flea bites induces, in susceptible dogs and cats, a condition called flea allergy dermatitis (FAD).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [15] Kramer F, Mencke N: Flea Biology and Control. 2001, Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [16] Wilkerson MJ, Bagladi-Swanson M, Wheeler DW, Floyd-Hawkins K, Craig C, Lee KW, Dryden M: The immunopathogenesis of flea allergy dermatitis in dogs, an experimental study. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2004, 99: 179-192. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] Stanneck D, Kruedewagen EM, Fourie JJ, Horak IG, Davis W, Krieger KJ: Efficacy of an imidacloprid/flumethrin collar against fleas, ticks, mites and lice on dogs. Parasit Vectors. 2012, 5: 102- source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [18] Stanneck D, Kruedewagen EM, Fourie JJ, Horak IG, Davis W, Krieger KJ: Efficacy of an imidacloprid/flumethrin collar against fleas and ticks on cats. Parasit Vectors. 2012, 5: 82- source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Blood-feeding adults of Ctenocephalides spp. may cause iron deficiency anaemia especially in puppies and kittens.

    “Blood-feeding adults of Ctenocephalides spp. may cause iron deficiency anaemia especially in puppies and kittens [15,20].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [15] Kramer F, Mencke N: Flea Biology and Control. 2001, Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [20] Dryden M, Gaafar S: Blood consumption by the cat Flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J Med Entomol. 1991, 28: 394-400. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Ctenocephalides felis can be naturally and experimentally infected with Rickettsia typhi, the causative agent of murine typhus.

    “Ctenocephalides felis can be naturally and experimentally infected with Rickettsia typhi, the causative agent of the “murine typhus”, a zoonotic disease which circulates in rodents via the oriental rat flea [29].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29] Azad AF: Epidemiology of murine typhus. Annu Rev Entomol. 1990, 35: 553-569. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Interpretationcitation

    Long and close contact with pets and their fleas is necessary for the transmission of plague from dogs to humans via their fleas.

    “Therefore, long and close contact with pets and their fleas is necessary for the transmission of plague from dogs to humans via their fleas [26].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Gould LH, Pape J, Ettestad P, Griffith KS, Mead PS: Dog-associated risk factors for human plague. Zoon Public Health. 2008, 55: 448-454. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 14
  • May combine two claims. 55

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The dog flea Ctenocephalides canis and the human flea Pulex irritans are globally distributed, although with lower rates than C. felis.

    “Also the dog flea Ctenocephalides canis (Figure 2) and the human flea Pulex irritans (Figure 3) are globally distributed, although with lower rates [9,10].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [9] Dobler G, Pfeffer M: Fleas as parasites of the family Canidae. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 139- source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [10] Bitam I, Dittmar K, Parola P, Whiting MF, Raoult D: Fleas and flea-borne diseases. Int J Infect Dis. 2010, 14: e667-e676. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The cat flea Ctenocephalides felis is the most widespread flea species and is highly prevalent in both dogs and cats in all corners of the world.

    “The most widespread is the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis (Figure 1), which is highly prevalent in both dogs and cats in all corners of the world.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [7] Rust MK: Advances in the control of Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea) on cats and dogs. Trends Parasitol. 2005, 21: 232-236. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [8] Durden LA, Hinkle NC: Fleas (Siphonaptera). Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Edited by: Mullen GR, Durden LA. 2009, San Diego, USA: Academic Press, 115-136. 2

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [9] Dobler G, Pfeffer M: Fleas as parasites of the family Canidae. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 139- source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Modifications in climatic conditions, movements of hosts and goods, changes in animal phenology and human behaviour, and increase of wildlife are presently concurring in the geographic spread of vectors and cardio-respiratory nematodes such as Dirofilaria immitis, Angiostrongylus vasorum, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Capillaria aerophila.

    “Modifications in climatic conditions, movements of hosts and goods, changes in animal phenology and human behaviour and increase of wildlife, are presently concurring in the geographic spread of vectors and cardio-respiratory nematodes, e.g. Dirofilaria immitis, Angiostrongylus vasorum, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Capillaria aerophila.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The same factors that concur in the geographic spread of vectors and cardio-respiratory nematodes may also influence the dispersion and clinical significance of fleas.

    “All these factors may also influence dispersion and clinical significance of fleas, thus posing relevant challenges in those regions where other parasites are emerging at the same time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ctenocephalides felis, Ctenocephalides canis and Pulex irritans have a low degree of species-specificity and are able to infest companion animals, humans and wildlife.

    “These fleas have a low degree of species-specificity, being able to infest companion animals, humans and wildlife.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [7] Rust MK: Advances in the control of Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea) on cats and dogs. Trends Parasitol. 2005, 21: 232-236. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [8] Durden LA, Hinkle NC: Fleas (Siphonaptera). Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Edited by: Mullen GR, Durden LA. 2009, San Diego, USA: Academic Press, 115-136. 2

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [9] Dobler G, Pfeffer M: Fleas as parasites of the family Canidae. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 139- source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cardio-respiratory nematodes affecting dogs and cats are nowadays prevalent in several countries, with growing importance due to clinical impact, possible zoonotic hazard, and geographical emergence and spreading in both endemic regions and areas previously free of infection.

    “Cardio-respiratory nematodes affecting dogs and cats are nowadays prevalent in several countries, where they have a growing importance due to their clinical impact, possible zoonotic hazard, and geographical emergence and spreading in both endemic regions and areas previously free of infection.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [1] Morchón R, Carretón E, González-Miguel J, Mellado-Hernández I: Heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and their vectors in Europe - new distribution trends. Front Physiol. 2012, 3: 196- source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [2] Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, Brianti E, Traversa D, Petric D, Genchi C, Capelli G: Vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in Europe. Parasit Vectors. 2013, 6: 16- source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [3] Traversa D, Di Cesare A, Conboy G: Canine and feline cardiopulmonary parasitic nematodes in Europe: emerging and underestimated. Parasit Vectors. 2010, 3: 62- source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [4] Helm JR, Morgan ER, Jackson MW, Wotton P, Bell R: Canine angiostrongylosis: an emerging disease in Europe. Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2010, 20: 98-109. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dogs with FAD present with erythema, alopecia, excoriation, papules, crusts and itching often leading to self-traumas, while cats show a miliary dermatitis with nibbling, alopecia, intense pruritus, licking, scratching and self-traumas.

    “Dogs with FAD (Figure 4) present with erythema, alopecia, excoriation, papules, crusts, itching often leading to self-traumas (Figure 5), while cats show a miliary dermatitis (Figure 6) with nibbling, alopecia (Figure 7), intense pruritus, licking, scratching, self-traumas [15-18].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [15] Kramer F, Mencke N: Flea Biology and Control. 2001, Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [16] Wilkerson MJ, Bagladi-Swanson M, Wheeler DW, Floyd-Hawkins K, Craig C, Lee KW, Dryden M: The immunopathogenesis of flea allergy dermatitis in dogs, an experimental study. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2004, 99: 179-192. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] Stanneck D, Kruedewagen EM, Fourie JJ, Horak IG, Davis W, Krieger KJ: Efficacy of an imidacloprid/flumethrin collar against fleas, ticks, mites and lice on dogs. Parasit Vectors. 2012, 5: 102- source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [18] Stanneck D, Kruedewagen EM, Fourie JJ, Horak IG, Davis W, Krieger KJ: Efficacy of an imidacloprid/flumethrin collar against fleas and ticks on cats. Parasit Vectors. 2012, 5: 82- source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Pulex irritans has been experimentally proved to be a vector of Rickettsia typhi, although it is considered unlikely to be a primary source of the infection.

    “Pulex irritans has also been experimentally proved to be a vector of R. typhi, although considered unlikely to be a primary source of the infection [30].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] Eisen RJ, Gage KL: Transmission of flea-borne zoonotic agents. Ann Rev Entomol. 2012, 57: 61-82. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Cats and dogs have been found seropositive for Rickettsia typhi in Europe and the USA, so they might have a certain epidemiological role in the dispersion of this zoonosis.

    “Cats and dogs have been found seropositive for R. typhi in both Europe and USA [31,32], thus they might have a certain epidemiological role in the dispersion of this zoonosis [33].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [31] Nogueras MM, Pons I, Ortuno A, Segura F: Seroprevalence of Rickettsia typhi andRickettsia felis in dogs from north-eastern Spain. CMI. 2008, 15 (suppl 2): 237-238.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [32] Adjemian J, Parks S, McElroy K, Campbell J, Eremeeva ME, Nicholson W, McQuiston J, Taylor J: Murine typhus in Austin, Texas, USA, 2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010, 16: 412-417. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [33] Civen R, Ngo V: Murine typhus: an unrecognized suburban vectorborne disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2008, 46: 913-918. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ctenocephalides canis and Pulex irritans may also act as vectors of Rickettsia felis, and both cats and dogs have been found harbouring this bacterium, although their epidemiological role is yet to be fully addressed.

    “Ctenocephalides canis and P. irritans may also act as vectors of R. felis, and both cats and dogs have been found harbouring this bacterium, although their epidemiological role is yet to be fully addressed [30,37-39].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [30] Eisen RJ, Gage KL: Transmission of flea-borne zoonotic agents. Ann Rev Entomol. 2012, 57: 61-82. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [37] Wedicamp J, Foil LD: Vertical transmission of rickettsia felis in the cat flea (ctenocephalides felis bouche). J Vector Ecol. 2002, 27: 96-101.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [38] Reif KE, Macaluso KR: Ecology of rickettsia felis: a review. J Med Entomol. 2009, 46: 723-736. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [39] Weinert LA, Werren JH, Aebi A, Stone GN, Jiggins FM: Evolution and diversity of rickettsia bacteria. BMC Biol. 2009, 7: 6- source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The plague-causing bacterium Yersinia pestis circulates in rodent populations mainly through bites of the oriental rat flea Xenopsilla cheopis, which may also feed on pets and human beings.

    “The plague-causing bacterium Yersinia pestis circulates in rodent populations mainly through bites of the “oriental rat flea” Xenopsilla cheopis, which may also feed on pets and human beings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [9] Dobler G, Pfeffer M: Fleas as parasites of the family Canidae. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 139- source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [21] Gage KL, Dennis DT, Orloski KA, Ettestad P, Brown TL, Reynolds PJ, Pape PJ, Fritz CL, Carter LG, Stein JD: Cases of cat -associated human plague in the Western US, 1977–1998. Clin Infect Dis. 2000, 30: 893-900. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Human cat-scratch disease is mainly caused by Bartonella henselae and Bartonella clarridgeiae.

    “The so-called human “cat-scratch disease” is mainly caused by Bartonella henselae and Bartonella clarridgeiae.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [40] Chomel BB, Boulouis S, Maruyama S, Breitschwerdt EB: Cat scratch disease and other zoonotic bartonella infections. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006, 224: 1270-1279. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [41] Chomel BB, Kasten RW, Williams C, Wey AC, Henn JB, Maggi R, Carrasco S, Boulouis HJ, Maillard R, Breitschwerdt EB: Bartonella endocarditis: a pathology shared by animals reservoirs and patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009, 1166: 120-126. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cats are a potential source of plague, while dogs appear to be less susceptible to Yersinia pestis.

    “Cats are a potential source of plague, while dogs appear to be less susceptible to Y. pestis[9,21].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [9] Dobler G, Pfeffer M: Fleas as parasites of the family Canidae. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 139- source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [21] Gage KL, Dennis DT, Orloski KA, Ettestad P, Brown TL, Reynolds PJ, Pape PJ, Fritz CL, Carter LG, Stein JD: Cases of cat -associated human plague in the Western US, 1977–1998. Clin Infect Dis. 2000, 30: 893-900. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ctenocephalides spp. are only occasionally found on rodents and are considered unlikely bridging vectors of plague between animals and humans.

    “Ctenocephalides spp. are only occasionally found on rodents and considered unlikely bridging vectors of plague between animals and humans [23-25].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [23] Burroughs AL: Sylvatic plague studies. The vector efficacy of nine species of fleas compared with Xenopsylla cheopis. J Hyg (Lond). 1947, 45: 371-396. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [24] Gratz N: Rodent reservoirs and flea vectors of natural foci of plague. Plague Manual: Epidemiology, Distribution, Surveillance and Control. 1999, Geneva: World Health Organization, 63-96.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [25] Amatre G, Babi N, Enscore RE, Ogen-Odoi A, Atiku LA, Akol A, Gage KL, Eisen RJ: Flea diversity and infestation prevalence on rodents in a plague-endemic region of Uganda. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2009, 81: 718-724. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Rickettsia felis is a pathogen mainly transmitted by the cat flea and suspected to induce a murine typhus-like illness in humans, and it is worldwide distributed due to the global dispersion of C. felis, the number of infected cats and the possibility of transstadial and transovarial transmission in fleas.

    “Rickettsia felis, a pathogen mainly transmitted by the cat flea [34] and suspected to induce a murine typhus-like illness in humans, is worldwide distributed, due to the global dispersion of C. felis, the number of infected cats and the possibility of transstadial and transovarial transmission in fleas [35-37].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [34] Bouyer DH, Stenos J, Crocquet-Valdes P, Moron CG, Popov VL, Zavala-Velazquez JE, Foil LD, Stothard DR, Azad AF, Walker DH: Rickettsia felis: molecular characterization of a new member of of the spotted fever group. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2001, 51: 339-347. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [35] Azad AF, Sacci JB, Nelson WM, Dasch GA, Schmidtmann ET, Carl M: Genetic characterization and transovarial transmission of a typhus-like rickettsia found in cat fleas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992, 89: 43-46. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [36] Higgins JA, Sacci JB, Schriefer ME, Endris RG, Azad AF: Molecular identification of rickettsia-like microorganisms associated with colonized cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis). Insect Mol Biol. 1994, 3: 27-33. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [37] Wedicamp J, Foil LD: Vertical transmission of rickettsia felis in the cat flea (ctenocephalides felis bouche). J Vector Ecol. 2002, 27: 96-101.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    FAD is a major clinical entity in pets, one of the most important skin conditions of household animals, and one of the most frequent causes for seeking veterinary advice.

    “Along with other allergic diseases (e.g. food allergy diseases), FAD is a major clinical entity in pets, one of the most important skin conditions of household animals, and one of the most frequent causes for seeking veterinary advice [15,19].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [15] Kramer F, Mencke N: Flea Biology and Control. 2001, Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Sousa CA: Fleas, flea allergy, and flea control: a review. Dermatol Online J. 1997, 3: 7-

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    While cats are recognized hosts for animal and zoonotic bartonelloses, the role of dogs as a source of human infections is not clearly established.

    “While cats are recognized hosts for animal and zoonotic bartonelloses, the role of dogs as a source of human infections is not clearly established [42,43].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [42] Chomel BB, Boulouis HJ, Maruyama S, Breitschwerdt EB: Bartonella spp. in pets and effect on human health. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006, 12: 389-394. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [43] Chomel BB, Kasten RW: Bartonellosis, an increasingly recognized zoonosis. J Appl Microbiol. 2010, 109: 743-750. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Fleas of pets are capable of harboring Bartonella spp. and it seems plausible that Ctenocephalides felis transmits Bartonella henselae actively.

    “Fleas of pets are capable of harboring Bartonella spp. and it seems plausible that C. felis transmits B. henselae actively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [30] Eisen RJ, Gage KL: Transmission of flea-borne zoonotic agents. Ann Rev Entomol. 2012, 57: 61-82. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [44] Chomel BB, Kasten RW, Floyd-Hawkins K, Chi B, Yamamoto K, Roberts-Wilson J, Gurfield AN, Abbott RC, Pedersen NC, Koehler JE: Experimental transmission of bartonella henselae by the cat flea. J Clin Microbiol. 1996, 34: 1952-1956. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [45] Foil L, Andress E, Freeland RL, Roy AF, Rutledge R, Triche PC, O'Reilly KL: Experimental infection of domestic cats with bartonella henselae by inoculation of ctenocephalides felis (siphonaptera: pulicidae) feces. J Med Entomol. 1998, 35: 625-628. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Infection of cats by bites of infected fleas has been experimentally demonstrated, although it is not considered a primary route of transmission.

    “Infection of cats by bites of infected fleas has been experimentally demonstrated, although not considered a primary route of transmission [30,44,45].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [30] Eisen RJ, Gage KL: Transmission of flea-borne zoonotic agents. Ann Rev Entomol. 2012, 57: 61-82. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [44] Chomel BB, Kasten RW, Floyd-Hawkins K, Chi B, Yamamoto K, Roberts-Wilson J, Gurfield AN, Abbott RC, Pedersen NC, Koehler JE: Experimental transmission of bartonella henselae by the cat flea. J Clin Microbiol. 1996, 34: 1952-1956. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [45] Foil L, Andress E, Freeland RL, Roy AF, Rutledge R, Triche PC, O'Reilly KL: Experimental infection of domestic cats with bartonella henselae by inoculation of ctenocephalides felis (siphonaptera: pulicidae) feces. J Med Entomol. 1998, 35: 625-628. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Human infection by flea-borne Bartonella spp. generally occurs via scratches of infected cats, while flea bites do not seem to play a key role in the epidemiology of human bartonellosis.

    “The human infection by flea-borne Bartonella spp. generally occurs via scratches of infected cats, whilst flea bites do not seem to play a key role in the epidemiology of human bartonellosis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [30] Eisen RJ, Gage KL: Transmission of flea-borne zoonotic agents. Ann Rev Entomol. 2012, 57: 61-82. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [44] Chomel BB, Kasten RW, Floyd-Hawkins K, Chi B, Yamamoto K, Roberts-Wilson J, Gurfield AN, Abbott RC, Pedersen NC, Koehler JE: Experimental transmission of bartonella henselae by the cat flea. J Clin Microbiol. 1996, 34: 1952-1956. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [45] Foil L, Andress E, Freeland RL, Roy AF, Rutledge R, Triche PC, O'Reilly KL: Experimental infection of domestic cats with bartonella henselae by inoculation of ctenocephalides felis (siphonaptera: pulicidae) feces. J Med Entomol. 1998, 35: 625-628. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cats are reservoirs for Bartonella henselae and Bartonella clarridgeiae, while dogs may be accidentally infected by Bartonella spp., among which Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii is incriminated as a cause of human cardiac disease in tropical areas.

    “Cats are their reservoirs, while dogs may be accidentally infected by Bartonella spp., among which Bartonellavinsonii subsp. berkhoffii is incriminated as a cause of a human cardiac disease in tropical areas [40,41].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [40] Chomel BB, Boulouis S, Maruyama S, Breitschwerdt EB: Cat scratch disease and other zoonotic bartonella infections. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006, 224: 1270-1279. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [41] Chomel BB, Kasten RW, Williams C, Wey AC, Henn JB, Maggi R, Carrasco S, Boulouis HJ, Maillard R, Breitschwerdt EB: Bartonella endocarditis: a pathology shared by animals reservoirs and patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009, 1166: 120-126. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ctenocephalides felis, Ctenocephalides canis and Pulex irritans are intermediate hosts for the filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema reconditum, which is transmitted via their bites to dogs and human beings and causes subcutaneous infection in animals and ocular disease in humans.

    “Ctenocephalides felis, C. canis and P. irritans are intermediate hosts for the filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema reconditum, transmitted via their bites to dogs and human beings and a cause of subcutaneous infection in animals and ocular disease in humans [46-48].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [46] Brianti E, Gaglio G, Napoli E, Giannetto S, Dantas-Torres F, Bain O, Otranto D: New insights into the ecology and biology of acanthocheilonema reconditum (grassi, 1889) causing canine subcutaneous filariosis. Parasitology. 2012, 139: 530-536. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [47] Huynh T, Thean J, Maini R: Dipetalonema reconditum in the human eye. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001, 85: 1391-13982. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [48] Otranto D, Eberhard ML: Zoonotic helminths affecting the human eye. Parasit Vectors. 2010, 4: 41- source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dipylidium caninum is the most prevalent cestode in dogs and cats and is often associated with pulicosis in pets, stray animals, kenneled dogs and cats in colonies.

    “This zoonotic cestode is the most prevalent in dogs and cats and is often associated with pulicosis in pets, stray animals, kenneled dogs and cats in colonies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [9] Dobler G, Pfeffer M: Fleas as parasites of the family Canidae. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 139- source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [15] Kramer F, Mencke N: Flea Biology and Control. 2001, Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The speed of juvenile flea development depends on the environment: higher temperatures may increase the number of generations, and colder temperatures and higher humidity have an effect on the longevity of fleas in the absence of available hosts.

    “The speed of juvenile flea development depends on the environment, in that higher temperatures may increase the number of generations and colder temperatures and higher humidity has an effect on the longevity of fleas in the absence of available hosts [9].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] Dobler G, Pfeffer M: Fleas as parasites of the family Canidae. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 139- source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Angiostrongylus vasorum is expanding, and it is expected to increase its distribution in European regions which offer ecological and epidemiological conditions for the expansion of current endemic areas and the establishment of further new endemic foci.

    “Analogously, A. vasorum is expanding, and it is expected to increase its distribution in European regions which offer ecological and epidemiological conditions for the expansion of current endemic areas and the establishment of further new endemic foci [56].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [56] Morgan ER, Jefferies R, Krajewski M, Ward P, Shaw SE: Canine pulmonary angiostrongylosis: the influence of climate on parasite distribution. Parasitol Int. 2009, 58: 406-410. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fleas are ectothermic arthropods susceptible to fluctuations of temperatures, especially because immature stages live outside the host.

    “Fleas are ectothermic arthropods susceptible to fluctuations of temperatures, especially because immature stages live outside the host.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] Dobler G, Pfeffer M: Fleas as parasites of the family Canidae. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 139- source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Warmer climates and higher air temperatures favour insect breeding and may reduce parasitic extrinsic incubation periods, as shown for Dirofilaria immitis.

    “Warmer climates and higher air temperatures favour insect breeding and may reduce parasitic extrinsic incubation periods [2,55], as shown for D. immitis[2].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [2] Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, Brianti E, Traversa D, Petric D, Genchi C, Capelli G: Vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in Europe. Parasit Vectors. 2013, 6: 16- source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [55] Wilson N, Lush D, Baker MG: Meteorological and climate change themes at the 2010 international conference on emerging infectious diseases. Euro Surveill. 2010, 15: 19627- source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The higher the environmental temperature, the higher the rate of flea development, until a critical value is reached; beyond this value, survival of immature stages decreases, especially in the presence of low humidity.

    “In particular, the higher the environmental temperature, the higher the rate of development, until a critical value is reached. Beyond this value, survival of immature stages decreases, especially in the presence of low humidity [52].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52] Gage KL, Burkot TR, Eisen RJ, Hayes EB: Climate and vector-borne diseases. Am J Prev Med. 2008, 35: 436-450. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Until about fifteen years ago, cat fleas were considered to be rarely found on pets in cold seasons, but present weather changes characterized by shorter winters may have a potential effect on flea activity in the near future.

    “Until about fifteen years ago, cat fleas were considered to be rarely found on pets in cold seasons [73], but the present weather changes characterized by shorter winters [74,75] may have a potential effect on flea activity in the near future.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [73] Metzger ME, Rust MK: Effect of temperature on cat flea (siphonaptera:pulicidae) development and overwintering. J Med Entomol. 1997, 34: 173-178. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [74] Lindgren E, Gustafson R: Tick-borne encephalitis in Sweden and climate change. Lancet. 2001, 358: 16-18. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [75] Marhrenholz P: Climate changes and adaptation needs. Parasitol Res. 2008, 103: 139-146. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Above-average warm weather in summer 2003 was an apparent cause of doubling documented flea infections, probably because of outdoor environmental conditions favourable for flea development.

    “Above-average warm weather in summer 2003 was an apparent cause of doubling documented flea infections, probably because of outdoor environmental conditions favourable for flea development.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Beck W, Boch K, Mackensen H, Wiegand B, Pfister K: Qualitative and quantitative observations on the flea population dynamics of dogs and cats in several areas of Germany. Vet Parasitol. 2006, 137: 130-136. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Feeding behaviour and availability of suitable hosts are other key factors impacting on the distribution of emerging nematodes and, possibly, of fleas.

    “Feeding behaviour and availability of suitable hosts are other key factors impacting on the distribution of emerging nematodes and, possibly, of fleas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The highest infestation rates were detected in July-October and July-September for dogs and cats, respectively.

    “The highest infestation rates were detected in July-October and July-September for dogs and cats, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Beck W, Boch K, Mackensen H, Wiegand B, Pfister K: Qualitative and quantitative observations on the flea population dynamics of dogs and cats in several areas of Germany. Vet Parasitol. 2006, 137: 130-136. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the German study, no statistical differences were found in infestation patterns between the four seasons, albeit prevalence of pulicosis in dogs and cats was higher in the summer.

    “In this study, no statistical differences were found in infestation patterns between the four seasons, albeit prevalence of pulicosis in dogs and cats was higher in the summer [11].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Beck W, Boch K, Mackensen H, Wiegand B, Pfister K: Qualitative and quantitative observations on the flea population dynamics of dogs and cats in several areas of Germany. Vet Parasitol. 2006, 137: 130-136. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The vast majority of past plague cases have been described in regions where average temperatures are >13°C, with outbreaks occurring when temperature ranges from 24°C to 27°C and a decrease of epidemic activities at higher values.

    “Accordingly, the vast majority of past plague cases have been described in those regions where average temperatures are >13°C, with outbreaks occurring when temperature ranges from 24°C to 27°C and a decrease of epidemic activities at higher values [62-64].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [62] Davis DHS: Plague in Africa from 1935 to 1949: a survey of wild rodents in African territories. Bull WHO. 1953, 9: 655-700.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [63] Cavanaugh DC, Marshall JD: The influence of climate on the seasonal prevalence of plague in the Republic of Vietnam. J Wildl Dis. 1972, 8: 85-93. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [64] Cavanaugh DC, Williams JE: Plague: some ecological interrelationships. Fleas. Edited by: Traub R, Starcke H. 1980, Rotterdam: AA Balkema, 245-256.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Epizootics in prairie dogs from Montana, USA, were shown to be positively associated with precipitation and warm days, but negatively associated with hotter days.

    “As an example, epizootics in prairie dogs from Montana, USA, were shown to be positively associated with precipitation and warm days, but negatively associated with hotter days [68].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [68] Collinge SK, Johnson WC, Ray C, Matchett R, Grensten J, Cully JF, Gage KL, Kosoy MY, Loye JE, Martin AP: Testing the generality of the trophic-cascade model for plague. EcoHealth. 2005, 2: 102-212. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chitin synthesis inhibitors have effects both on adult stages on the animal and on immature fleas in the environment.

    “Chitin synthesis inhibitors have effects both on adult stages on the animal and on immature fleas in the environment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [104] Beugnet F, Franc M: Insecticide and acaricide molecules and/or combinations to prevent pet infestation by ectoparasites. Trends Parasitol. 2012, 28: 267-279. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Female adult fleas suffer from a reduction of prolificacy and fecundity, while egg hatching and larval moults are inhibited.

    “Female adult fleas suffer from a reduction of prolificacy and fecundity, while egg hatching and larval moults are inhibited [104].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [104] Beugnet F, Franc M: Insecticide and acaricide molecules and/or combinations to prevent pet infestation by ectoparasites. Trends Parasitol. 2012, 28: 267-279. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A recent study from Germany indicated the absence of a relationship between seasons, climatic conditions and presence of pulicosis in dogs and cats.

    “It is interesting to note a recent study from Germany, which indicated the absence of a relationship between seasons, climatic conditions and presence of pulicosis in dogs and cats.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Beck W, Boch K, Mackensen H, Wiegand B, Pfister K: Qualitative and quantitative observations on the flea population dynamics of dogs and cats in several areas of Germany. Vet Parasitol. 2006, 137: 130-136. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Rainfall favours vegetative production, increase of small-mammal populations, rat flea-infestation rates, along with soil moisture, which promotes flea survival rates.

    “Additionally, rainfall favours vegetative production, increase of small-mammal populations, rat flea-infestation rates, along with soil moisture, which promotes flea survival rates [65,66].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [65] Parmenter RR, Yadav EP, Parmenter CA, Ettestad P, Gage KL: Incidence of plague associated with increased winter-spring precipitation in New Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999, 61: 814-821. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [66] Enscore RE, Biggerstaff BJ, Brown TL, Fulgham RE, Reynolds PJ, Engelthaler DM, Levy CE, Parmenter RR, Montenieri JA, Cheek JE, Grinnell RK, Ettestad PJ, Gage KL: Modeling relationships between climate and the frequency of human plague cases in the southwestern United States, 1960–1997. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2002, 66: 186-196. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The FleaTickRisk model is able to predict, on a weekly basis, the activity and abundance of cat fleas (and three tick species) in Europe, and the risk of disease transmission.

    “Hence, worthy of mention is the “FleaTickRisk” model, designed in collaboration between climatologists, biomathematicians and parasitologists, able to predict, on a weekly basis, the activity and abundance of cat fleas (and three tick species) in Europe, and the risk of disease transmission [76].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [76] Beugnet F, Marié JL: Emerging arthropod-borne diseases of companion animals in Europe. Vet Parasitol. 2009, 163: 298-305. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Monthly-based use of imidacloprid 10%/moxidectin 2.5% spot-on potentially prevents or minimizes establishment of adult A. vasorum, severe cardiopulmonary tissue damage, and clinical onset of the disease.

    “A monthly-based use of this topical spot-on potentially prevents or, at least, minimizes the establishment of adult A. vasorum, the severe cardiopulmonary tissue damage caused by the parasite and the clinical onset of the disease [136].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [136] Schnyder M, Fahrion A, Ossent P, Kohler L, Webster P, Heine J, Deplazes P: Larvicidal effect of imidacloprid/moxidectin spot-on solution in dogs experimentally inoculated with Angiostrongylus vasorum. Vet Parasitol. 2009, 166: 326-332. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lufenuron provides flea control on the animal and in the environment because female fleas biting treated animals will generate eggs from which no larvae will hatch and juveniles feeding on pre-digested blood in the environment are unable to moult to the next stage.

    “This molecule provides flea control on the animal and in the environment because female fleas biting treated animals will generate eggs from which no larvae will hatch and juveniles feeding on pre-digested blood in the environment are unable to moult to the next stage [125,127,128].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [125] Hink WF, Zakson M, Barnett S: Evaluation of a single oral dose of lufenuron to control flea infestations in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 1994, 55: 822-824. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [127] Dean SR, Meola RW, Meola SM, Sittertz-Bhatkar H, Schenker R: Mode of action of lufenuron on larval cat fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J Med Entomol. 1998, 35: 720-724. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [128] Meola RW, Dean SR, Meola SM, Sittertz-Bhatkar H, Schenker R: Effect of lufenuron on chorionic and cuticular structure of unhatched larval ctenocephalides felis (siphonaptera: pulicidae). J Med Entomol. 1999, 36: 92-100. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In newly acquired infestations, the first fleas jumping and biting on a pet are unseen and the animal remains untreated for several days or weeks.

    “In newly acquired infestations, the first fleas jumping and biting on a pet are unseen and the animal remains untreated for several days or weeks [102].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [102] Dryden MW: How you and your clients can win the flea control battle. Vet Med. 2009, March Supplement: 17-26.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Combined administration of oral lufenuron once a month and an insecticide at two different regimens may reduce flea populations on pets by at least 97.3% within one week, maintaining this level of reduction for 90 days, along with a highly effective control level for off-host stages.

    “A 3-months trial showed that the combined administration of oral lufenuron once a month, and of an insecticide at two different regimens, may reduce flea populations on pets by at least 97.3% within one week, maintaining this level of reduction for 90 days, along with a highly effective control level for off-host stages [133].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [133] Dryden MW, Magid-Denenberg T, Bunch S, Boyer J, Schenker R: Control of fleas on dogs and cats and in homes with the combination of oral lufenuron and nitenpyram. Vet Ther. 2001, 2: 208-214.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lufenuron has ovicidal and larvicidal activity but no adulticidal effect.

    “Lufenuron has ovicidal and larvicidal activity but no adulticidal effect [125,126].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [125] Hink WF, Zakson M, Barnett S: Evaluation of a single oral dose of lufenuron to control flea infestations in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 1994, 55: 822-824. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [126] Shipstone MA, Mason KV: The use of insect development inhibitors as an oral medication for the control of fleas C. felis, C. canis in the dog and cat. Vet Dermatol. 1995, 6: 131-137. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A single topical application of imidacloprid 10%/moxidectin 2.5% is 100% effective in eliminating fourth stage larvae (L4) and pre-adults of A. vasorum, thus preventing patent infections.

    “A single topical application is 100% effective in the elimination of fourth stage larvae (L4) and pre-adults of the parasite, thus preventing patent infections.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [136] Schnyder M, Fahrion A, Ossent P, Kohler L, Webster P, Heine J, Deplazes P: Larvicidal effect of imidacloprid/moxidectin spot-on solution in dogs experimentally inoculated with Angiostrongylus vasorum. Vet Parasitol. 2009, 166: 326-332. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A year round approach is not applied for fleas by pet owners and veterinarians, because control of pulicosis is traditionally suggested from late winter or early spring and continued throughout summer until autumn.

    “In general, a year round approach is not applied for fleas by pet owners and veterinarians, because control of pulicosis is traditionally suggested from late winter or early spring and continued throughout summer until autumn.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [7] Rust MK: Advances in the control of Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea) on cats and dogs. Trends Parasitol. 2005, 21: 232-236. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] Stanneck D, Kruedewagen EM, Fourie JJ, Horak IG, Davis W, Krieger KJ: Efficacy of an imidacloprid/flumethrin collar against fleas, ticks, mites and lice on dogs. Parasit Vectors. 2012, 5: 102- source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [18] Stanneck D, Kruedewagen EM, Fourie JJ, Horak IG, Davis W, Krieger KJ: Efficacy of an imidacloprid/flumethrin collar against fleas and ticks on cats. Parasit Vectors. 2012, 5: 82- source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [101] Dryden MW: Flea and tick control in the 21st century, challenges and opportunities. Vet Dermatol. 2009, 20: 435-440. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [147] Otranto D, Wall R: New strategies for the control of arthropod vectors of disease in dogs and cats. Med Vet Entomol. 2008, 22: 291-302. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The availability of parasiticide formulations providing monthly protection from D. immitis when mosquitoes are active and continued control of intestinal infection by nematodes could make interruption of an all year round control program undesirable.

    “Indeed, the availability of parasiticide formulations providing monthly protection from D. immitis when mosquitoes are active and continued control of intestinal infection by nematodes, could make the interruption of an all year round control program undesirable.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    There has been a debate on the duration of monthly chemoprophylaxis for D. immitis (all year round, six months, or only during mosquito season).

    “In particular, there has been a debate on the duration of the monthly chemoprophylaxis for D. immitis, i.e. if all year round, six months, or only during the mosquito season [149-151].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [149] Bowman DD: Georgi's Parasitology for Veterinarians. 2002, Saunders Company, 7

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [150] Knight DH, Lok JB: Seasonal timing of heartworm chemoprophylaxis in the United States. Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium ’95. Edited by: Soll MD, Knight DH. 1995, Batavia: III: American Heartworm Society, 37-42.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [151] Slocombe JOB, Bhactendu-Srivastava B, Surgeoner GA: Proceedings of the 1995 Heartworm Symposium. The transmission period for heartworm in Canada. 1995, Batavia: American Heartworm Society, 43-48.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Detection of R. felis in fleas is increasing in a number of countries, and the distribution of this pathogen is considered as wide as the globally distributed vector C. felis.

    “Also detection of R. felis in fleas is increasing in a number of countries, thus the distribution of this pathogen is nowadays considered as wide as the globally distributed vector C. felis[76].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [76] Beugnet F, Marié JL: Emerging arthropod-borne diseases of companion animals in Europe. Vet Parasitol. 2009, 163: 298-305. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fleas may survive indoors during the winter and also outdoors in situations in which the environment is marginal.

    “Of importance, is that fleas may survive indoors during the winter and also outdoors in those situations in which the environment is marginal [158].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [158] Thiemann T, Fielden LJ, Kelrick MI: Water uptake in the cat flea ctenocephalides felis (pulicidae: siphonaptera). J Insect Physiol. 2003, 49: 1085-1092. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Italy is a key country for the emergence and spreading of cardio-pulmonary nematodes, with D. immitis hyper-endemic in the North and expanding southward, A. vasorum potentially spreading in all the territory, and C. aerophila and A. abstrusus widely distributed with prevalence rates up to 7% and 20% respectively.

    “At the same time Italy is a key country for the emergence and spreading of cardio-pulmonary nematodes, with D. immitis being hyper-endemic in the North and expanding southward, A. vasorum potentially spreading in all the territory, and C. aerophila and A. abstrusus widely distributed with prevalence rates up to 7% and 20% respectively [3,56,152,169,170].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [3] Traversa D, Di Cesare A, Conboy G: Canine and feline cardiopulmonary parasitic nematodes in Europe: emerging and underestimated. Parasit Vectors. 2010, 3: 62- source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [56] Morgan ER, Jefferies R, Krajewski M, Ward P, Shaw SE: Canine pulmonary angiostrongylosis: the influence of climate on parasite distribution. Parasitol Int. 2009, 58: 406-410. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [152] Di Cesare A, Castagna G, Meloni S, Milillo P, Latrofa S, Otranto D, Traversa D: Canine and feline infections by cardiopulmonary nematodes in central and southern Italy. Parasitol Res. 2011, 109: S87-S96. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [169] Traversa D, Di Cesare A, Di Giulio E, Castagna G, Schaper R, Braun G, Lohr B, Pampurini F, Milillo P, Strube K: Efficacy and safety of imidacloprid 10%/moxidectin 1% spot-on formulation in the treatment of feline infection by capillaria aerophila. Parasitol Res. 2012, 111: 1793-1798. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [170] Giangaspero A, Marangi M, Latrofa MS, Martinelli D, Traversa D, Otranto D, Genchi C: Evidences of increasing risk of dirofilarioses in southern Italy. Parasitol Res. 2013, In press

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A. vasorum is expanding in several countries of Europe where it may overlap the distribution of D. immitis and even cause co-infections.

    “Another important example is provided by the French heartworm A. vasorum, which is expanding in several countries of Europe where it may overlap the distribution of D. immitis and even cause co-infections [3,157].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [3] Traversa D, Di Cesare A, Conboy G: Canine and feline cardiopulmonary parasitic nematodes in Europe: emerging and underestimated. Parasit Vectors. 2010, 3: 62- source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [157] Traversa D, Meloni S, Di Cesare A, Venco L, Frangipane di Regalbono A, Otranto D, Castagna G, Milillo P, Seghetti M, Pampurini F: Occurrence of Angiostrongylus vasorum in symptomatic dogs from Italy. Abstract Proceeding, 2nd Bayer Angiostrongylus Forum, including lung major parasitic diseases of dogs and cats. 2012, Parma 21-22 June 2012

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Italy, Bartonella spp. is endemic especially in the South, where human seropositivity to cat scratch disease has been unveiled.

    “In Italy, Bartonella spp. is endemic especially in the South [165,166], where human seropositivity to cat scratch disease has been unveiled [167].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [165] Pennisi MG, La Camera E, Giacobbe L, Orlandella BM, Lentini V, Zummo S, Fera MT: Molecular detection of bartonella henselae and bartonella clarridgeiae in clinical samples of pet cats from southern Italy. Res Vet Sci. 2010, 88: 379-384. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [166] de Caprariis D, Dantas-Torres F, Capelli G, Mencke N, Stanneck D, Breitschwerdt EB, Otranto D: Evolution of clinical, haematological and biochemical findings in young dogs naturally infected by vector-borne pathogens. Vet Microbiol. 2011, 149: 206-212. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [167] Del Prete R, Fumarola D, Fumarola L, Basile V, Mosca A, Miragliotta G: Prevalence of antibodies to bartonella henselae in patients with suspected cat scratch disease (CSD) in Italy. Eur J Epidemiol. 1999, 15: 583-587. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Client compliance with environmental treatments is inconsistent, causing recurrent infestations, and residual efficacy of insecticides declines after the first weeks post-administration.

    “This is problematic, especially when client compliance with environmental treatments is inconsistent, thus causing recurrent infestations, and when residual efficacy of insecticides declines after the first weeks post-administration [181,182].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [181] Dryden M, Bennett G, Neal J: Concepts of flea control. Comp Anim Pract. 1989, 19: 11-22.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [182] Rust MK, Dryden MW: The biology, ecology, and management of the cat flea. Ann Rev Entomol. 1997, 42: 451-473. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Adult C. felis begins feeding almost immediately once on an animal, with many fleas feeding within minutes.

    “Adult C. felis begins feeding almost immediately once on an animal, with many fleas feeding within minutes [20].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Dryden M, Gaafar S: Blood consumption by the cat Flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J Med Entomol. 1991, 28: 394-400. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Most residual flea adulticides have a prolonged activity and they either kill or intoxicate newly acquired fleas within one day after re-infection.

    “Most residual flea adulticides have a prolonged activity and they either kill or intoxicate newly acquired fleas within one day after re-infection [183].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [183] Dryden MW, Broce AB: Integrated flea control for the 21st century. Compend Contin Educ PractVet. 2002, 24 (1 suppl): 36-39.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Larvicidal effects of imidacloprid are of practical significance in both breaking the flea life cycle and reducing the level of flea infestation in the domestic environment; spinosad and selamectin reduce egg production; selamectin has ovicidal effects impairing larval emergence.

    “Larvicidal effects of imidacloprid is of practical significance in both breaking the flea life cycle and reducing the level of flea infestation in the domestic environment, spinosad and selamectin reduce egg production, and the latter has ovicidal effects impairing larval emergence [106,111,112,121].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [106] Dryden M, Payne P, Smith V: Efficacy of selamectin and fipronil-(S)-methoprene spot on formulations applied to cats against cat fleas (ctenocephalides felis), flea eggs, and adult flea emergence. Vet Ther. 2007, 8: 255-262.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [111] Hopkins TJ, Woodley I, Gyr P: Imidacloprid topical formulation: larvicidal effect against ctenocephalides felis in the surroundings of treated dogs. Aust Vet Pract. 1996, 26: 210-

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [112] Jacobs DE, Hutchinson MJ, Ryan WG: Control of flea populations in a simulated home environment model using lufenuron, imidacloprid or fipronil. Med Vet Entomol. 2001, 25: 73-77. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [121] Blagburn BL, Young DR, Moran C, Meyer JA, Leigh-Heffron A, Paarlberg T, Zimmermann AG, Mowrey D, Wiseman S, Snyder DE: Effects of orally administered spinosad (comfortis) in dogs on adult and immature stages of the cat flea (ctenocephalides felis). Vet Parasitol. 2010, 168: 312-317. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The KS1 cat flea strain has been maintained at Kansas State University, USA, since 1990 and has varying levels of resistance or reduced susceptibility to different compounds.

    “Interestingly, several studies have evaluated parasiticides against the “KS1 cat flea strain”, which has been maintained at the Kansas State University, USA, since 1990 and has varying levels of resistance or reduced susceptibility to different compounds [146].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [146] Dryden MW, Payne PA, Smith V, Hostetler J: Efficacy of imidacloprid + moxidectin and selamectin topical solutions against the KS1 ctenocephalides felis flea strain infesting cats. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 174- source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The more quickly a product kills newly acquired fleas, the more effectively it prevents FAD and reduces the likelihood of transmission of pathogens.

    “The more quickly a product kills newly acquired fleas, the more effectively it prevents FAD and reduces the likelihood of transmission of pathogens.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    A single flea is generally considered enough to elicit and maintain the clinical signs of FAD.

    “A single flea is generally considered enough to elicit and maintain the clinical signs of FAD [186], but such ability has been recently questioned.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [186] Kissileff A: Relationship of dog fleas to dermatitis. Small Animal Clinician. 1962, 2: 132-135.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Separate mono-products with different target parasites would probably be inferior if compared with a single combination able to control all major parasites at the same time, for their broader spectrum of activity.

    “Given the new epidemiological scenarios, separate mono-products with different target parasites would probably be inferior if compared with a single combination able to control all major parasites at the same time, for their a broader spectrum of activity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    25-60% of fleas are blood fed within 5 min and partially digested blood can be defecated in as little as 2-6 minutes after fleas infest a host.

    “This is even more important if one considers that rapid and voracious blood sucking by adult fleas (e.g. 25–60% of fleas are blood fed within 5 min and partially digested blood can be defecated in as little as 2–6 minutes after fleas infest a host) may indeed impair prevention of flea biting and feeding by residual insecticides [101,184,185].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [101] Dryden MW: Flea and tick control in the 21st century, challenges and opportunities. Vet Dermatol. 2009, 20: 435-440. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [184] Cadiergues MC, Hourcq P, Cantaloube B, Franc M: First bloodmeal of ctenocephalides felis felis (siphonaptera: pulicidae) on cats: time to initiation and duration of feeding. J Med Entomol. 2000, 37: 634-636. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [185] McCoy C, Broce AB, Dryden MW: Flea blood feeding patterns in cats treated with oral nitenpyram and the topical insecticides imidacloprid, fipronil and selamectin. Vet Parasitol. 2008, 156: 293-301. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The key drivers of FAD are the degree of hypersensitivity of an individual animal, the number of fleas feeding and amount of salivary antigens injected.

    “Therefore, it is suggested that the key drivers of FAD are the degree of hypersensitivity of an individual animal, the number of fleas feeding and amount of salivary antigens injected [101].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [101] Dryden MW: Flea and tick control in the 21st century, challenges and opportunities. Vet Dermatol. 2009, 20: 435-440. source

      Not checked in the free run.

64 of 64

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Flea populations are shared among domestic and wild reservoirs.

    “Given that flea populations are shared among domestic and wild reservoirs, household dogs and cats could be more frequently exposed to pulicosis, as for extra-intestinal nematodes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most fleas are generalist rather than specialist.

    “Most fleas are generalist rather than specialist, thus this ability makes wildlife a source for pulicosis for pets and humans and bridging hosts for transmitted pathogens.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    IGRs inhibit reproduction in adult insects and block the organogenesis of immature instars via hormonal or enzymatic influence.

    “IGRs inhibit the reproduction in adult insects and block the organogenesis of immature instars via hormonal or enzymatic influence.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Apart from selamectin, the aforementioned compounds are available in formulations also containing MLs potentially useful to control cardio-pulmonary nematodes.

    “Apart from selamectin, the aforementioned compounds are available in formulations also containing MLs potentially useful to control cardio-pulmonary nematodes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The infestation is instead noticed when the animal has become parasitized by a high number of fleas.

    “The infestation is instead noticed when the animal has become parasitized by a high number of fleas.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    At that time, the untreated animal has already dispersed flea eggs in the environment, which have given rise to larvae, pupae, and newly emerging adult fleas.

    “At that time, the untreated animal has already dispersed flea eggs in the environment, which have given rise to larvae, pupae, and newly emerging adult fleas.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Collars are not usually replaced more than once a year, and those with the longest activity do not encompass 12 months; moreover, spot-on and spray formulations are usually not applied monthly for a year by the owners.

    “In any case, collars are not usually replaced more than once a year, and those with the longest activity do not encompass 12 months; moreover, spot-on and spray formulations are usually not applied monthly for a year by the owners.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Abuse of anthelmintics can promote drug resistance.

    “In general, blanket administration of broad-spectrum parasiticides should be discouraged, given that the abuse of anthelmintics can promote drug resistance.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    At the moment there is only evidence of resistance to pyrantel in canine hookworms.

    “Actually, at the moment there is only evidence of resistance to pyrantel in canine hookworms.”
9 of 9

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Climate changes resulting in humidity and optimal temperatures (temperature >25°C; humidity >85% RH) throughout the year were reported in Florida and Queensland, and some authors suggested this may explain continued heavy infestations of the cat flea observed by owners and veterinarians in recent years.

    “Climate changes resulting in humidity and optimal temperatures (temperature >25 • C; humidity >85% RH) throughout the year were reported in Florida (USA) and Queensland (Australia) and some authors suggested that this may explain the continued heavy infestations of the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis), observed by owners and veterinarians these past few years [30].”

    From Impact of climate change in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in domestic carnivores (2013) · cites this paper as [30]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 13

  1. Prociv P, Carlisle MS: The spread of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Australia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001, 32: 126-128.
  2. Prosl H, Lassnig H, Mramor C: Zur siphonaptera-fauna des rotfuchses (vulpes vulpes) in österreich. Denisia. 2004, 13: 493-489.
  3. Dryden MW: How you and your clients can win the flea control battle. Vet Med. 2009, March Supplement: 17-26.
  4. Hopkins TJ, Woodley I, Gyr P: Imidacloprid topical formulation: larvicidal effect against ctenocephalides felis in the surroundings of treated dogs. Aust Vet Pract. 1996, 26: 210-
  5. Conboy G, Schenker R, Strehlau G: Efficacy of Milbemax (milbemycin/praziquantel) for the treatment and prevention of Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in dogs. Proceedings of the Joint 49th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists/79th Meeting of the American Society of Parasitologists. 2006, 92-24-28 July 2004; Philadelphia
  6. Chin A, Lunn P, Dryden M: Persistent flea infestations in dogs and cats controlled with monthly topical applications of fipronil and methoprene. Aust Vet Pract. 2005, 35: 89-96.
  7. Bowman DD: Georgi's Parasitology for Veterinarians. 2002, Saunders Company, 7
  8. Traversa D, Meloni S, Di Cesare A, Venco L, Frangipane di Regalbono A, Otranto D, Castagna G, Milillo P, Seghetti M, Pampurini F: Occurrence of Angiostrongylus vasorum in symptomatic dogs from Italy. Abstract Proceeding, 2nd Bayer Angiostrongylus Forum, including lung major parasitic diseases of dogs and cats. 2012, Parma 21-22 June 2012
  9. Hopkins TJ, Kerwick C, Gyr P, Woodley I: Efficacy of imidacloprid to remove and prevent Ctenocephalides felis infestations on dogs and cats. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 1997, 19: 11-16.
  10. Dryden MW, McCoy CM, Payne PA: Rate of kill of nitenpyram tablets, imidacloprid spot-on and fipronil spot-on against flea infestations on dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 2001, 23: 24-27.
  11. Dryden M, Bennett G, Neal J: Concepts of flea control. Comp Anim Pract. 1989, 19: 11-22.
  12. Dryden MW, Broce AB: Integrated flea control for the 21st century. Compend Contin Educ PractVet. 2002, 24 (1 suppl): 36-39.
  13. Kissileff A: Relationship of dog fleas to dermatitis. Small Animal Clinician. 1962, 2: 132-135.

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Traversa, D.
Affiliations
University of Teramo (IT)
Corresponding author
Traversa, Donato
ORCID
Traversa, Donato
Venue
Parasites & Vectors
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2013-03-07
Volume
6
Issue
1
Pages
59-59
ISSN
1756-3305 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1756-3305-6-59
PMC
PMC3631128
OpenAlex
W2121773591
Semantic Scholar
a12859a6682c8c6b7611572b3c6073a1a3d930cd
Cited by
53
References
188
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3
FWCI
1.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Parasites & Vectors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UniTERAMO Research Catalog (University of Teramo) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Università degli Studi di Teramo
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Yersinia bacterium, plague, ectoparasites research
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
Keywords
fleas, Ctenocephalides felis, Ctenocephalides canis, Pulex irritans, Dirofilaria immitis, Angiostrongylus vasorum, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Capillaria aerophila, companion animals, dogs, cats, flea control, zoonotic transmission, emerging parasites
MeSH terms
Animals, Cat Diseases, Cats, Communicable Disease Control, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Siphonaptera, Humans, Nematode Infections, Zoonoses, Pets, Flea Infestations

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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