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Cited by 22Air Quality and Health ImpactsUrban Green Space and HealthEnvironmental Justice and Health Disparities

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PM2.5, vegetation density, and childhood cancer: a case-control registry-based study from Texas 1995-2011

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Williams, Lindsay A, Haynes, David, Sample, Jeannette M, Lu, Zhanni, Hossaini, Ali, McGuinn, Laura A, Hoang, Thanh T, Lupo, Philip J, Scheurer, Michael E·2024·JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute
DOI 10.1093/jnci/djae035PMC PMC12116292
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Abstract

Background: Air pollution is positively associated with some childhood cancers, whereas greenness is inversely associated with some adult cancers. The interplay between air pollution and greenness in childhood cancer etiology is unclear. We estimated the association between early-life air pollution and greenness exposure and childhood cancer in Texas (1995 to 2011). Methods: We included 6101 cancer cases and 109 762 controls (aged 0 to 16 years). We linked residential birth address to census tract annual average fine particulate matter <2.5 µg/m³ (PM2.5) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between PM2.5/NDVI interquartile range increases and cancer. We assessed statistical interaction between PM2.5 and NDVI (likelihood ratio tests). Results: Increasing residential early-life PM2.5 exposure was associated with all childhood cancers (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.06 to 1.15), lymphoid leukemias (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.07 to 1.23), Hodgkin lymphomas (OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.58), non-Hodgkin lymphomas (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.51), ependymoma (OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.60), and others. Increasing NDVI exposure was inversely associated with ependymoma (0- to 4-year-old OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.58 to 0.97) and medulloblastoma (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.62 to 0.91) but positively associated with malignant melanoma (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.23 to 2.47) and Langerhans cell histiocytosis (OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.07 to 2.28). There was evidence of statistical interaction between NDVI and PM2.5 (P < .04) for all cancers. Conclusion: Increasing early-life exposure to PM2.5 increased the risk of childhood cancers. NDVI decreased the risk of 2 cancers yet increased the risk of others. These findings highlight the complexity between PM2.5 and NDVI in cancer etiology.

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  • PM2.5 interacts synergistically with the availability of green spaces to increase childhood melanoma development at higher levels.

    “Another study shows that PM2.5 interacts synergistically with the availability of green spaces to increase childhood melanoma development at higher levels [88].”

    From Air Pollution and Skin Diseases: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Evidence (2026) · cites this paper as [88]

    The Results and Discussion (page not provided) report a possible synergistic interaction between PM2.5 and vegetation density for childhood cancers combined, while separately reporting an association between greater vegetation density and malignant melanoma. They do not establish that the interaction increases melanoma risk specifically, and they caution that the interaction analysis may be underpowered. (LLM, conf=0.90)

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Metadata

Authors
Williams, L. A., Haynes, D., Sample, J. M., Lu, Z., Hossaini, A., McGuinn, L. A., Hoang, T. T., Lupo, P. J., & Scheurer, M. E.
Affiliations
  • University of Minnesota (US)
  • University of Chicago (US)
  • Baylor College of Medicine (US)
Corresponding author
Williams, Lindsay A
ORCID
Venue
JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2024-02-15
Volume
116
Issue
6
Pages
876-884
ISSN
  • 0027-8874 (ISSN-L)
  • 1460-2105
DOI
10.1093/jnci/djae035
PMC
PMC12116292
OpenAlex
W4391915540
Cited by
22
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 2
FWCI
3.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
academic.oup.com/pages/standard-publication-reuse-rights (vor)
Locations
  • JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Digital Commons-TMC (Texas Medical Center) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences (R00ES032480)
  • NIH
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
  • Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Green Space and Health
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Environmental Justice and Health Disparities
Keywords
PM2.5, childhood cancer, vegetation greenness, NDVI, residential exposure, lymphoid leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, melanoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, cancer etiology, Texas
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Air Pollution, Child, Child, Preschool, Environmental Exposure, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Neoplasms, Registries, Risk Factors, Texas, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies, Particulate Matter

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